Swot Analysist Sporting Goods Industry - 2116 Words

Umbro | Parent Company | Nike Inc | Category | Apparel and Accessories | Sector | Lifestyle and Retail | Tagline/ Slogan | Go Out There; Tailored by | USP | English Football tailoring | STP | Segment | Apparel for athletics | Target Group | Athletes who play football | Positioning | Sportswear and football equipment brand | SWOT Analysis | Strength | 1. Presence in around 90 countries2. Enduring presence of 85 years in Manchester with launch of kits for them3. Strong management as it is a subsidy of Nike4. Strong brand equity and financial position 5. Excellent branding and advertising through | Weakness | 1. High brand switching among customers with many other powerful sports brands available2. Limited presence in†¦show more content†¦The company should make long term agreements with manufacturing units to reduce backlog and other issues. 2. Increase global penetration 3. Tie-ups with sports academies, schools etc | Threats | 1. Similar products available in other brands.2. The company might face trade barriers and currency fluctuations since it imports all the products from its manufacturing units. | Competition | Competitors | 1. Puma2. Nike3. Adidas 4. Fila 5. Reebok | Converse | Parent company | Nike | Category | Apparel and accessories | Sector | Lifestyle and retail | Tagline/ slogan | Band and Of Ballers; All star –shoes, we have got you covered-clothes | Usp | Trendy and vibrant sports apparel for men and women | STP | Segment | Men and women sporting casual sports apparels | Target group | Converse loyal customers and other SEC A men and women in the age group of 18-24 sporting casual wear | Positioning | America s Original Sports Company | SWOT analysis | Strength | 1. Mid premium segment apparels, shoes and other accessories for the youth with good adveritisng2. Range captures international designs and trends and also special editions are launched for special occasions.3. The shoes and the skate boards come in customizable designs 4. The company has a long history since 1908 and a huge loyal customer base.5. The company has partnered with a NGO called RED, working for AIDS relief in Africa.6. Famous sports

Their Eyes Were Watching God Quotes - 1179 Words

Top Ten Quotes 1) Janie, on her gossiping neighbors, stressing the importance of storytelling and oral tradition: Ah dont mean to bother wid tellin em nothin, Pheoby. Taint worth de trouble. You can tell em what Ah say if you wants to. Dats just de same as me cause mah tongue is in mah friends mouf (6). 2) Janie, to the men of Eatonville: Sometimes God gits familiar wid us womenfolks too and talks His inside business. He told me.how surprised yall is goin tuh be if you ever find out you dont know half as much bout us as you think yo do. Its so easy to make yoself out God Almighty when you aint got nothin tuh strain against but women and chickens (70-71). 3) On Janie: She was a rut in the road. Plenty of†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬  They seemed to be staring at the dark, but their eyes were watching God.† -161- This quote comes into play while Janie and Tea Cake are in the Glades getting ready to leave because of a hurricane. At this point Janie and Tea Cake have waited to late to leave and are trying to decide if they want to try and beat the water or just stay there. I found this quote important because it ties the title of the book in with the situations that occur in the book. They are sitting there and despite the situation around them they can still find security within each other and God. â€Å"So Ah’m back home agin and Ah’m satisfied tuh be heah. Ah done been tuh de horizon and back and now Ah Kin set heah in mah house and live by comparisons.† -191- As you read this quote Janie is talking to Phoeby after she has returned from the Glades. Jane has been acquitted of Tea Cakes murder, because it was self defense. In this quote Janie says that she has lived her life to her satisfication. By her saying she has been to the horizon and back and she can live by comparisons now I thought she meant that she had lived to one extreme to another. By the time she got with Tea Cake she had, had two husbands. One who felt she could work just as anybody else and another who put her up so high on a pedestal that her hair couldn’t even be worn down.Show MoreRelated Janie’s Growth in Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston1356 Words   |  6 PagesJanie’s Growth in Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston    In the novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, by Zora Neale Hurston, Janie has allowed us to better understand the restraints that women in society had to deal with in a male dominated society. Her marriage with Logan Killicks consisted of dull, daily routines.   Wedding herself to Joe Starks brought her closer to others, than to herself.   In her final marriage to Vergible Woods, also known as Tea Cake, she finally learnedRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God Critical Analysis1502 Words   |  7 PagesAn analysis of Zora Neale Hurston Their Eyes Were Watching God Certain goals or visions are often withheld for the simple fact that what we want sometimes does not look right in the eyes of people we hold dear. In The novel â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God† by Zora neale hurston, skillfully uses characterization to vividly portray how gender superiority impacts one’s decisions in life. Janie Crawford the protagonist struggles trying to find who she is through the men she meets in her life becauseRead More Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay1757 Words   |  8 Pages Their Eyes Were Watching God Book Report 1. Title: Their Eyes Were Watching God 2. Author/Date Written: Zora Neale Hurston/1937 3. Country of Author: 4. Characters Janie Mae Crawford- The book’s main character. She is a very strong willed, independent person. She is able to defy a low class, unhappy life because of these factors, even though the environment that she grew up and lived in was never on her side. Pheoby Watson – Janie’s best friend in Eatonville. Pheoby is the only towns person whoRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God By Zora Neale Hurston1531 Words   |  7 Pages Janie Crawford-Killicks-Starks-Woods, the main character and protagonist in the novel Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston has many different experiences with love over the course of the novel. In the beginning of the novel Janie was curious about love and all Janie wanted to do was experience it, then when she had the opportunity to fall in love she found out it was hard than she first imagined. It was not the fairy tale she had been imagining, She was forced into a relationship unlikeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Eyes Were Watching God 1556 Words   |  7 PagesStatement: Having found love makes one’s life feels fulfilled and satisfied. Quotations: In the novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, there was a quotation that connects to my universal theme statement. In page 108 Janie states, â€Å"Dis ain’t no business proposition, and no race after property and titles. Dis is uh love game. Ah done live Grandma’s way, now Ah means tuh live mine.† This quote connects to the universal theme statement because all Janie’s life she had to find love her grandma’s way, butRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God, Written by Zora Neale Hurston1374 Words   |  6 PagesTheir Eyes Were Watching God, written by Zora Neale Hurston, is a novel about Janie Crawford, a â€Å"light† african american woman living in the 1930’s. Janie’s life is chronicled as she tells her friend her story: a pear tree, a dead mule, three marriages, and a hurricane later the reader and the listener, Phoeby, feels they had â€Å"‘done growed ten feet higher from jus’ listenin’’† (192) to her story. However, overall Hurston wants the reader to understand that they have to find out about living for themselvesRead MoreJanies Quest in Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston970 Words   |  4 PagesFinding one’s soul mate is a difficult and lengthy process for most, as it is for Janie in the novel Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston. She marries Logan Killicks, Joe Starks, and Tea Cake Woods who seem to be alike; however, the motives for the actions they each take are completely different. All three husbands are similar in the way that they all have expectations of Janie as a wife. Logan Killicks, Janies first husband, has expectations of Janie. His motives for his expectationsRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God By Zora Neale Hurston1352 Words   |  6 Pagescontinuance of action in spite of past obstacles and opposition. This is what women like Janie Crawford in Zora Neale Hurston’s novel had to have, to get through traumatic events such as domestic violence and oppression from other men. In Their Eyes Were Watching God the main character Janie Crawford faced oppression and domestic violence, but instead of this holding her back it made a stronger woman by the end of the novel. Janie showed some changes from the beginning of her story telling sequenceRead MoreThe Meaning of Love and Loss in Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston1435 Words   |  6 PagesTheir Eyes Were Watching God is a novel about a woman and the trials and tribulations t hat she goes through while trying to find the true meaning of love and loss. In the novel Janie struggles to find someone that honestly loves her and she has to deal with the lost she felt when the she realized that the love that she received is forever lost. Some major themes in the novel would be work, sexuality, freedom and love. All of these themes are important in understanding the novel. There are numerousRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God By Zora Neale Hurston1563 Words   |  7 PagesZora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937) and Lisa See’s Snow Flower and the Secret Fan (2005) are texts that reflect the struggles and adversities women face in their search for their own identity while seeking for a profound understanding of love in a prejudiced environment. Both novels reveal that the individuality of women are affected in patriarchal worlds, portrayed Florida and ancient China respectively, and prove that social class differences have a sign ificant consequence

Theories of Crime Comparisons and Contrasts Free Essays

The causes of crime are still really not known. There are many different theories and perspectives on why crime exists. However, even with all of the studies and perspectives on crimes committed, it appears to me that the causes of crime are only speculative. We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Crime: Comparisons and Contrasts or any similar topic only for you Order Now Biological Theory The biological theories primarily study the physical constitution and endocrinology. They are a very good example of the theories that have not really received any practical support. The misunderstanding of these theories has caused a stereotype that if a person is a criminal then he or she was born as a criminal and any steps taken in order to change or to influence them are useless. Biological theories are only a part of and one of the interpretations of criminality but not the only ones. In the present time, there is no assertive evidence of the fact, that the physical constitution and other biological factors cause criminality. Nevertheless, these theories have a right to exist and there has been a lot of important information that is used in terms of the development of criminology as a science. The most vivid example of the biological determinism is the theory of Cesare Lombroso. Lombroso based his theory on the assumption that criminals have certain physiognomic features or abnormalities. The origin of scientific criminology is usually traced to the research of Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909). Behavioral Crimes While some may not agree with me, I believe some people just commit crimes. A lot of these people were brought up in violent homes, had parents who were not good examples such as, taking harsh drugs, abusing their children, leaving their children alone for long periods of time and so on. True fact: I grew up with a very abusive father, who ended up killing our mother. I was one of nine children, all of whom were beaten grotesquely everyday and for no known cause. Certainly, we all grew up being adults as children (i. e. , protecting each other, always living in a â€Å"survival mode†) and we were terrorized on a daily basis. However, that having been said, my brothers and sisters and I tried, and for the most part, succeeded in actually growing up, getting sociably acceptable jobs, and we never committed a crime. We were blessed in the fact that, after we were older and were making our own money, we were able to seek out counseling and other avenues to overcome the terror that we all grew up with for 18 years. Our mother died at the very young age of 49 and because of that, she was taken away from us on September 1, 1980. Looking back on it, we all know that our father was basically mentally ill, denying or even thinking, he had an illness and he was just a very angry person and very jealous of our mother, who was a very beautiful, kind, loving (of all people) person. He resented the fact that he had children (which he let us know practically every day). I believe his violence and temper where a cause of possibly some form of schizophrenia and just plain selfishness. Nothing was ever positive to him. However, when he got drunk, which wasn’t very often, he became the nicest person on the planet. We children used to say to each other that – we wished we could keep him drunk all of the time. I believe his actions were based on a biological and behavioral imbalance. The Cognitive Theory Another true event. In July of 1991, while attending law school, I was on my way to classes and had to take the train to get there. While parking in an outside space, a young man (who was 6’ 3† tall and built just like a grown man) came up and put a gun to my head and told me to drive the car. He beat me brutally, and kept telling me to start the car and drive. Skipping over a lot of detail, it came down to where he almost choked me to death and I knew I was dying. Not to sound fanatical, but I said a prayer as I was dying and somehow, I got this superhuman strength and beat the heck out of his head and was able to escape from my car. In the end, he was caught within 10 minutes and had seven (7) felonies against him. He was sentenced to a Maryland State Penitentiary for 20 years and had to serve each felony on a concurrent basis. The reason for his attack on me was that he was being initiated into a gang and that was his initiation. He had to kill a female. As he came up clean on all drug and alcohol tests, it turned out that he was the son of the drug cartel Noriega’s chauffer. He was very angry at his mother for divorcing his father and therefore, decided to become a gang member. He may have been looking for acceptance, or just a way to vent his anger. That would be another speculative case. However, I believe his crime was based on the cognitive theory. How to cite Theories of Crime: Comparisons and Contrasts, Papers

Does God Exist To Descartes Essay Research free essay sample

Does God Exist To Descartes Essay, Research Paper Upon casual scrutiny, one might presume that Rene Descartes is a? non-believer? in the being of a celestial being, a God that presides over worlds and gives us religion. However, this is merely non the instance? Descartes is merely seeking to destruct all of the uncertainnesss that have come about by the attempted scientific accounts of such a supreme being. For Rene Descartes and all of the other trusters in the universe, the being of God provides a convenient reply to unexplained inquiries, while neer supplying replies to the inquiries about God himself. This is evidenced a great trade in the round statement made by Descartes in the Meditations on First Philosophy. What follows is a brief history of the 3rd and 5th speculations, which provide Descartes? response to the cloaked inquiry, ? What is God? ? Can one perceive or corroborate the being of an thought that is external to him, an thought such as God? In order to find the reply we must get down by understanding the ways in whic h we can reason an objects? being. We will write a custom essay sample on Does God Exist To Descartes Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Descartes explains three ways in which a individual might come to such a decision? the first, through nature ; the 2nd, through experiencing a value that is independent of the will of the object ; and the 3rd, the nonsubjective world of an thought, or the? cause and consequence profile. ? The 3rd point is the 1 that we will chiefly pass our clip with. Descartes drills us with the thought that an object will hold an consequence when it stems from a legitimate cause, or an initial thought that precedes with equal or superior belongingss in one? s mind. In other words, the head generates ideas and thoughts about a physical signifier, and develops a world for this signifier, through old scheme and beliefs. ? And although an thought may give rise to another thought, this reasoning backward can non, however, be infinite ; we must in the terminal range a first thought, the cause of which is, as it were, the original in which all the world that is found objectively in these thoughts is cont ained formally. ? The lone job with Descartes? statement is when the being of God arises as a impression, for there is no nutriment or thought for the impression of God to arise from. Is it possible, so, to make the thought of a finite being from an infinite being, outside of the physical and mental, in a province all of it? s ain? Descartes rapidly replies that the response would be that a finite being can non wholly, if at all, comprehend the thoughts that would do God to be, and hence the footing for uncertainty is lost in an intangible cogent evidence. Additionally, the mere fact that he believes that there is a God provides yet another piece of cogent evidence towards His being. This must be true, harmonizing to Descartes, with the proviso that the thought and belief must hold been placed in his consciousness by an outside factor. The concluding factor that convinces Descartes that there is a God is the fact of his ain being, along with the fact that he, himself, is non a God. This belief stems from the theory that if a adult male is one ndependent from all other being and thoughts about signifiers and affair, so he has the ability to go infinite. Descartes says that if he himself were the? writer of his ain being? and independent of all being, so he would achieve a Godly degree of being. Ultimately, it is his ain dependance on another being that proves to him that there is a God. Many people are bred into faith, or borne into a set of thoughts about a peculiar space being. The interesting job with most types of religion in this mode is that the Bible that has been deemed to come from your God is besides the cogent evidence that God exists. This is the type of round definition that Descartes is seeking to avoid at all costs. Basically, it? s like utilizing a word in it? s ain definition, or? the definition of an apple is an apple. ? The statement begins to acquire a small spot equivocal when he begins discoursing the uncertainness of his beliefs. He is, as he claims, as certain of the thought of the Sun, the Moon, th e Earth, even his ain rational though, as he is certain of God? s being. The most distressing portion of the full subdivision is the apprehension of formal and nonsubjective world. Remember his theory that being is flawlessness. To understand that to hold an thought is to be is one instance, but take for case the adult male whom can believe, merely as person thinks of God, of a being so perfectly imperfect, clearly and clearly, that it does non be. However, harmonizing to Descartes, since it has an nonsubjective world, it must follow that it besides must hold a formal world every bit good. Clearly, this is an impossibleness which I have yet to determine to the fullest grade. Ayn Rand? s The Fountainhead creates within it a hero who is so independent that he ceases to be within the public oculus? nevertheless, he neer ceases to be, as he ends up clearly being dependant on his ain belief of something greater. Whether Rand shared Descartes? position on the being of God is unsure, never theless can be applied to the full statement. If one is without an thought to endorse him up, one ceases to be? but who created the thought of the being in the first topographic point? And farther, who created and implanted within all existences the being of a higher, more defined, and more perfect being? It is through this logic that Descartes efforts, instead unsuccessfully in my head, to turn out that the being of God is non a rare spring of religion but instead a certainty in it? s ain perfect, unquestionable and finally non-comprehensible manner. He was surely chesty, though, in his ideas and Hagiographas, though, imputing features to a being that he himself will neer understand to the full. In my head, Descartes exceeded in many parts of his statement, but failed to turn out from a logical point of view the being of a higher being. We, as worlds, will take to bosom his ideals, but will go on to work on springs of religion and the prescribed Bibles and round definitions of our ain faiths. Bibliography Descartes, Meditations on the First Philosophy, Hackett Publishing Co. 33d

ACT Test Dates When’s a Good Time for You

Choose Your SAT / ACT Test Dates When’s a Good Time for You SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips "I have no idea what to expect" is not a sentence you want runningthrough your mind on your way to take theSAT or ACT. If you take control of your test prep and schedule, then you shouldn't have any surprises on test day. Besides studying, part of your preparation should bestrategically planning out your SAT/ACT test dates. Instead of closing your eyes and pointing randomly at a calendar, you canask yourself some key questions to figure out when the best SAT/ACT test dates are for you. The first question that every student should ask herself, of course, is, When are my college deadlines? When Are My Deadlines? Most, if not all, students taking the SAT/ACT are doing so are part of their applications to 4-year colleges.Knowing your deadlines is the first piece of important information for making your SAT test date choice and ACT test date choice. SAT/ACT scores might also be required for some scholarships, which also might affect your choice of test dates. Deadlines for College Most regular decision deadlines for college are around January 1st in your senior year. January 15 is another common deadline, and some colleges go even later, like into February and March. If you're applying early action or early decision, then your deadlines are probably sometime in November. It takes about 3 weeks to receive your SAT or ACT scores, so you want to make sure you leave at least this much time between your test dates and your first deadline. For peace of mind, though, you'd be much better off getting your test done and ready to go before the last possible date. Leaving it to the last minute gives you no protection if you have a fluke testing day or are disappointed with your scores. Plus there's the rare chance you could get unlucky and have your scores delayed or even canceled, and then you'd be out of time. The SAT is given 7 times throughout the year, in January, March, May, June, October, November, and December. The ACT is usually given 6 times, in February, April, June, September, October, and December. One way to consider your testing schedule is the "1/3 - 2/3 rule." Depending on when you're starting to prep and plan, you could take the SAT/ACT 1/3 of the time between your starting point and when your applications are due, and the second time at 2/3 between "now" and your deadlines. If you started in January of junior year, for example, you could take your first SAT/ACT in April or May and your next test in the fall, like in October. This "rule" assumes you're going to take the SAT/ACT twice, but a lot of students choose to take it three or more times. I'll delve into what a typical test-taking schedule looks like for students more below, but first let's discuss the other deadlines you might be meeting: scholarship deadlines. Can't relate to this at all, right? Deadlines for Scholarships Your SAT/ACT scores might also be an important consideration for winning scholarship money. Most score-based scholarships come directly from colleges, so your scholarship deadlines will generally match your college deadlines. If SAT/ACT-based scholarships are important for you, then you might want to get your scores earlier to help determine your college list. If you are able to achieve qualifying scores for guaranteed SAT/ACT scholarships, then you can make sure to apply to those schools that will award you money. Since application planning is a process that takes several months, you probably want to have your SAT/ACT scores by the end of junior year. That way you can plan accordingly, know which colleges you're applying to, and focus on the rest of your application. As I mentioned above, one potential problem with taking your tests last minute is that you'd run out of test dates if you aren't satisfied with your scores. Many students take the SAT/ACT more than once or twice to prep between tests and improve their scores. How many times you want to take the test is the next important questionto ask yourself when choosing test dates. How Many Times Do I Want to Take the SAT/ACT? There is absolutely nothing wrong with taking the SAT/ACT more than once to achieve your target scores. In fact, I'd highly recommend taking it at least twice, if not three or more times. Almost everyone improves when they retake the SAT/ACT. This "real test" experience can be especially valuable if you use it as a launching off point to determine your strengths and weaknesses and do targeted test prep that will help you pull up your scores the next time. If, like most students, you're taking your test more than once, then you want to make sure you leave yourself enough test dates and monthsin between each one to study. If you took the SAT in May and then again the next month in June, then you really wouldn't have time to improve very much. Instead, you want to leave several months in between test dates to prep effectively. Given this strategic approach to hitting your scores on the SAT/ACT, what does a typical test-taking schedule look like for most students? Typical Test-Taking Schedule A typical SAT/ACT schedule for the majority of students involves three opportunities to take the test. Hopefully this guide helps you realize that there are several considerations when making your SAT test date choice and ACT test date choice. Just because this schedule works for a lot of students, doesn't automaticallymean it's the best one for you. Typical Schedule Many students take their first SAT/ACT in the fall of junior year, after spending the summer studying. After receiving their initial scores and reflecting on the experience, students can take the next few months to reinforce their understanding and improve areas of weakness. Then they take the test again in the spring of junior year. At this point, you might have achieved your target scores and be satisfied with your results. If you want another chance to improve your scores, you still have several summer months to prep and then take your test again in the fall of senior year. At this point, you've reached your last opportunity to test and will be applying to college. There are pros and cons to this schedule. The pros include 3 opportunities to take the SAT/ACT Advanced skills and content knowledge that you've developed throughout high school. Over a year to prep and improve your scores between fall of junior year and fall of senior year. This schedule works really well for a lot of students, but there are also some cons to consider: Limited test dates. Once you reach fall of senior year, you don't have time to take the SAT/ACT for a fourth time. May overlap with busy times of year, like AP tests, college planning, and varsity sports in junior and senior year. May feel more pressure and stress on each test date, since you don't have extra time beyond these dates. If any of these cons resonate with you, perhaps because of your junior year activities or anxieties around testing, then you might consider pushing back this typical schedule and registering for the SAT/ACT even earlier than junior year. Juggling a lot junior year? Considertaking the SAT/ACT earlier. Earlier Schedule If you push this typical schedule back about half a year, then you could take your first SAT test in the spring of sophomore year and then have about three more opportunities to test. If you wanted five test dates, then you could take it in the fall of sophomore year. Depending on how much prep you put into the SAT/ACT, you could even be ready to take it freshman year. Technically, you can take the SAT as many times as you want and the ACT up to 12 times. Of course, this would be overkill, both a waste of time and money and a potential red flag to colleges. While taking the SAT/ACT up to 6 times is acceptable, you probably don't need more to leave yourself any more test dates than that. If you find yourself having to take it over and over to achieve your scores, that time and energy could probably be better spent on test prep. Besides taking the pressure off and leaving you with more test dates, pushing this typical schedule back to sophomore year is a good option if you're trying to build up your scores section by section, or "superscore" your test. I'll explain what exactly I mean by superscoring below. Superscoring the SAT/ACT For anyone not familiar with the term "superscoring," it refers to the policy that some colleges use when they consider your standardized test scores. If colleges superscore, they take your highest section scores across all the dates you took the test and use those for your final test scores. If you take the SAT/ACT more than once, then superscoring is your friend. If you know that your colleges will superscore your results, you can actually use this policy to your advantage. Rather than focusing on improving your scores in every section every time you take the test, you could focus intensively on bringing up your math score, for instance. Then you could take the test again and really focus in on Reading, or Writing, or ACT Science. Obviously you shouldn't completely neglect any sections, but this could be a way to achieve a really strong score section by section across numeroustest dates. Again, you would need to make sure your colleges superscore and don't look at all scores or your highest sitting.If you're using this approach, you would want to start taking the SAT/ACT in freshman or sophomore year to leave yourself enough test dates. Again, I wouldn't recommend taking either test more than 6 times. This superscoring approach to taking the SAT/ACT leads us to the next important considerationwhen choosing your test dates - how much test prep you're willing and able to devote to meeting your goals. Hard at work. How LongCan I Prepare Before My Test? Just as you don't want to neglect any sections of the SAT/ACT, you also don't want to treat any official test as a throwaway, even if it's just the first time you're taking it. At the very minimum, I would recommend putting in 10 hours of test prep before sitting for a real test. This will help you get familiar with the instructions and format, but won't help much beyond that for improving your scores. Your study schedule is a big factor in determining which test date you choose for your first SAT/ACT. So how long do you plan to study? How Much Time Can I Devote to Test Prep? To figure out your study schedule, you need to figure out how you can balance test prep with everything else you're doing in and out of school. I think the best way to make a schedule and stick to it is to write it down in a planner or calendar and create a routine. If you have free time on Mondays and Wednesdays from 5 to 8, then set that aside as your study time. Of coursethis can change if you get assigned a big project or essay, but beingconsistent about your test prep is the best way to ensure that you'll stick to your plan. Before taking your first SAT/ACT, I would also recommend taking a practice test. You can time yourself, score it, and see if you're performing near your target scores. If you're much lower than you think you can achieve and still have several available test dates, then you might want to hold off on taking the real test until you study some more. If you start early enough, then you can have more flexibility in your study schedule and which test dates you choose. Either way, it's a good idea to consider your test-taking schedule in conjunction with your test prep schedule. As academic tests, the SAT/ACT also line up with your classes in school, but when they line upmight differ from student to student. Before signing up for your test, you should consider how it coincideswith your current high school classes. How Does It Line Up With My Classes? In order to answer this question, you want to familiarize yourself with what's actually tested on the Reading, Writing, and Math section of the SAT and the Reading, English, Math, and Science section of the ACT. While the content on each test is not all that advanced, there are certain concepts that are helpful to have studied in school. Both tests cover geometry, for example, and the math section of the ACT even covers some trigonometry. If you're taking geometry freshman year, then your best SAT test dates might beearlier than junior or senior year, since by then you'll have moved onto more advanced math. Conversely, if you aren't studying geometry or trigonometry until junior year, then you might be better off sticking to the typical schedule mentioned above and taking the SAT/ACT for the first time junior year. Similarly, you might benefit from one or two more years in high school writing persuasive essays and developing your reading comprehension skills before taking the SAT/ACT. If you're strong in English, however, you might be well prepared to score highly before you're an upperclassman. Plus studying early could help you cultivate your existing skills and get a headstart on learning new knowledge. The best way to gauge your level is to tryofficial practice problems for the SAT and ACT and see how familiar you are with the material. If you're already studying the concepts you need in freshman or sophomore year, then you might strongly consider signing up for the test early and even getting it finished with before you're a junior or senior. Getting your scores all set and ready to send to colleges early may also be a relief if your schedule gets busy in th and 12th grade. Yikes. What Else Is On My Schedule? When choosing the best SAT test dates and ACT test dates, you might also think about what other activities and responsibilities you have coming up. Junior year might get busywith AP classes and finals. You might lead Student Council or an Amnesty International campaign. Maybe you're exhausted everyday fromvarsity football practice. If your life is looking hectic junior year, then you might want to get your SAT/ACT done earlier than junior year. Even if it seems easier to push off the tests and let Future You deal with them, you could do yourself a favor by prepping early, taking the tests, and then having more time as your schedule gets more and more packed. On the flip side, maybe you're busy with summer camps before freshman and sophomore year and have more time before th and 12th grade. In either case, you can really personalize your testing schedule to fit your own goals and find balance with your other activities and interests. These might sound like a lot of questions to answer before signing up for the SAT/ACT, but they are meant to help you take control of the process and maximize your ability to find balance and achieve strong scores for your college applications. Read on for a summary of the most significant factors in determining the best SAT/ACT test dates for you. Choosing Your SAT/ACT Test Dates As I mentioned above, the typical test-taking schedule for the SAT/ACT is to take it for the first time in the fall of junior year, again in the spring of junior year, and, if so desired, for the final time in the fall of senior year (as long as your college deadlines allow). Students who are prepping earlier might move this timeline ahead to leave themselves extra test dates or get their scores all set and ready to go early. The most important questions you should ask yourself when planning your test-taking schedule are the following: What are my deadlines for college and scholarships? How many times do I want to take the SAT/ACT? Am Itrying to improve my scores in all sections with each retake or using a "superscoring" strategy? How long do I plan to study? Besides these primary considerations, you might also consider your classes and other pursuits as factors. In this case, ask yourself How does the SAT or ACT line up with my high school classes? What else do I have in my schedule and how can I balance test prep with my other assignments and activities? By answering these questions, you can devisea test prep and test-taking schedule and have a strong rationale behind your choices. Take control of the college application process by having a strong sense of where you're starting out, where you want to go, and what you need to do in between to get there. By articulatingclear reasons and a strong sense of purpose, you can answer any questions you have about the SAT or ACT and achieve your goals. Confused pug answered all his SAT/ACT questions. What's Next? Find out which exact dates you want to choose with our Table of 2015-2016 SAT Test Dates, and then read our Full Review of Every Single 2015-2016 SAT Test Date here. For more test-specific advice on exactly when to take the SAT or ACT for the first time, check out our SAT guidehere and ACT guidehere. Do you still have questions about how to design the best study plan for the SAT/ACT? Check outour guidefor your study plan before junior year and study plan before senior year. As you study, you definitely want to use official SAT and ACT practice questions. You can download official practice test pdfs for the SAT here and the ACT here. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Amity Assignment Essays

Amity Assignment Essays Amity Assignment Essay Amity Assignment Essay Answer Durable goods are those which are used for a longer period of time. It does not wear out very quickly and works for a longer period of time. For example, television set is a durable good because it is used for a longer period of time and does not last very quickly. One the most important problem in determining the demand for television set arises from the fact that sale of television creates secondhand market not controlled by the original seller. This creates problem In the estimating the real demand for television set because the transaction In secondary market often get unreported. The second problem associated with the determination of demand for durable goods Is uncertainty regarding product replacement time I. E. The time gap after which the consumer would look for new television set. Firms are not able to analysis when the consumer would look to purchase the new television set since television are often used for longer period of time, so firms cannot determine the exact product replacement. This makes estimation of demand for television set very difficult. The third problem could be uncertainty regarding consumer preferences. Firms do not know whether consumers attach more value to rice or to quality or to features. There is always a kind of dilemma between price and quality (or features). If the product is of high quality and features, it is likely to carry high price. Now if consumers attach more value to price, they are likely to purchase a product with fewer features because it would less costly to them. However, these things are not know to the firms producing durable goods and it creates problem in determining the demand for a durable good.

Barrack Obama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Barrack Obama - Essay Example The paper will provide a brief history on the life of Barack Obama and how he rose to the position he is today. In addition, the paper will illustrate the different ways in which Barack Obama made a positive impact on the American community and beyond. Barack Obama was born on the 4th of August 1961 to two parents who came from extremely different backgrounds (â€Å"Barack Obama. 44th President of the United States†, n.d). His father, Barack Obama Sr. was from Kenya and studying at the University of Hawaii on a scholarship. Ann Dunham, his mother, was from a small town in Kansas and the two of them were married in 1959, two years before Barack Obama Jr. was born in Honolulu (â€Å"Barack Obama. 44th President of the United States†, n.d). Barack did not grow up with his father as he left in order to complete an economics degree at Harvard University and then returned to his native country, Kenya, to work as an economist for the government. Obama moved to Indonesia with his mother after she married an oil executive and he studied for 4 years in Jakarta before returning to high school in Hawaii (â€Å"Barack Obama. 44th President of the United States†, n.d). Obama was raised by his grandparents and often recalls the problems he faced in coming to terms with his biracial heritage. Many analysts state this might have been an advantage for Obama in his later political years as his roots where both in the white and black cultures. Obama later moved to Los Angeles and attended Occidental College before moving to New York to Columbia University for a Bachelor of Arts degree (â€Å"Barack Obama. 44th President of the United States†, n.d). The positive impact Obama had on the community began from his early years after graduation. Obama frequently states that even after graduation he was possessed with the will to implement change from grassroots level. After graduation, Obama was briefly employed as a

Utilitarianism view on a dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Utilitarianism view on a dilemma - Essay Example If we have chosen the option A and it has a great number of happy consequences as compare to option B, then the decision will be perfect. That all depends upon the great number of goodness. The ethical dilemma, which we have given, is a critical one. According to this dilemma, if a ship is sinking and there is only one life boat on the ship. The life boat has the capacity of only ten people but there are thirty people stranded in the sinking ship. The captain has two options for the utility of the life boat. One is to kill twenty people and save the rest of ten people in the life boat. On the other hand, he may let all them to die on a natural death and thus no one would be killed. In this situation, the dilemma is not of great number of goodness rather it can be explained using the lesser number of sorrow, pain or sadness while selecting anyone option. In this situation, the captain has no choice of having great number of goodness rather he can select only the option where he may have less sorrow over the consequences. If he selects the option of saving ten people on the utility of the life boat then there will be happiness that at least he has saved some people from the danger of death. In this option, he can fully utilize the opportunity of the utility of life boat. However, the dark side of this decision is the killing of more than ten people. This means that if he is saving ten people from death then on the other he is pushing twenty people to towards the death. Here in this situation the number of happiness is less as compare to the number of sorrow or the number of pain. We can say that under the umbrella of utilitarianism, the captain might not go with this decision that he can save ten people while pushing twenty other people to the death. The captain has another second option to adopt for the people. He may not kill any person in the sinking ship rather they may die their natural death. This means that he does not

Construction Industry Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Construction Industry Report - Essay Example In contemporary Western cultures it is possible for individuals to work in 5-10 different occupations before retirement. However, current thinking on careers tends to be conditioned by older and sometimes outmoded concepts of what a career ought to be. The relatively stable patterns that many in New Zealand enjoyed from 1945 - 1985 represents a past of relational contracts, steady advancement and mutual loyalty which is difficult to replicate in today's society (Elkin, Jackson & Inkson, 2004). A study conducted by Michael Arthur and his colleagues at the University of Auckland looked in depth at the careers of 75 representative New Zealanders from 1985 to 1995 (Arthur, Inkson & Pringle, 1999). Arthur's study found that individuals moved between employers and between jobs with relative ease. Very few of these moves were upward, career building moves such as promotion. For example, Arthur found that more than 60% of the people in the sample changed occupations in the 10 years covered by the study. Eighty five percent moved between organisations. The Centre for Research on Work, Education and Research Limited conducted case studies of four industries including the construction industry. ... (Centre for Research on Work, Education and Research Limited, 2004). Some skilled tradesmen in construction who had become independent contractors in the past when made redundant or by choice were reported as being worse off financially than previously. These men were a supply of labour because their alternative was to work as a sub-contractor on private building sites where they might, for example, work for 60-70 hours a week but earn only an effective $7-$8 an hour. Researchers claim that people employed in the construction industry are classified as realistic. They have mechanical abilities, like working outdoors with tools and objects and they prefer dealing with things rather than people. Construction workers tend to like practical and physical activities and they are task orientated. The construction sector is highly labour intensive. Whereas other industries can increase production by using a mix of more people and more machinery, construction is much more reliant on people. Work Environment The construction industry is seen by some people as hazardous or dangerous. The injury rate per thousand workers for the Total Construction Industry calculated from ACC Entitlement Claims Data as a whole for the 2004 year was approximately 30 injuries per thousand workers. The rate of injury was relatively stable over the 2001-2004 period even though New Zealand experienced somewhat of a 'boom' period for the industry, with many new and inexperienced workers entering the industry. (New Zealand Construction Industry Council, 2005). On the other hand, injury costs for the industry over the period 2001 to 2004 show a downward trend. As

Properties of Urena lobata Linn (Caesar Weed)

Properties of Urena lobata Linn (Caesar Weed) PLANT PROFILE Urena lobata Linn. Botanical Name: Urena lobata Linn. Common Name: Caesar weed Parts Used: Leaves, Stem, Root and Whole plant      Fig 1. Urena lobata Linn Taxonomical Classification Kingdom: Plantae Unranked: Angiosperms Unranked: Rosids Order: Malvales Family: Malvaceae Subfamily:Malvoideae Tribe: Hibisceae Genus: Urena Species: U. lobata Synonyms :U. americana U. grandiflora, ,U. trilobataVell., Urena diversifolia Vernacular names Vernacular names are shown in Table Table Vernacular Names of Urena lobata SI. No. Languages Vernacular Names 1 Hindi Bachata, Bachit, Bachita, Bala Bhed, Brachta, Chatkura,Dudh-Khal, Kapasi, Kunjia, Lapetua, Lotloti, Unga, Vilaiti San 2. Malayalam Urppam Ottey Udiram, Uram, Uran, Uren, Vatti, Vatto 3. Kanada Baralu Kaddi Mara, Bekkina Hejje Gida Dodda Bende, Dooda Bende, Hamsapaadi, Kaadu Thutthi, Otte, Otte Mara, Vatta 4. Marathi Rantupkada,Rantupkuda, Tupkato, Vanabendha, Vana-Bhenda, Vanbhendi, Wagdau Bhendi 5. Sanskrit Vanabhenda, Nagabala, Bala, Atibala 6. Tamil Ottatti, Ottattutti, Ottu Thuththi, Ottukututti, Ottuttutti, Ottuttutti 7. Telegu Nalla Benda, Nallabenda, Padanikaada, Pedda Benda, Peddabena, Peddabenda, Piliyamankena, Vana Benda 8. English Aramina Fibre, Congo Jute, Cousin Mahoe, Guaxima General description of Urena lobata  Linn Caesar weed called as Bur Mallow, Aramina, Hibiscus Bur and Pink Chinese Burr. It is a sub shrub 60 cm to 300 cm in altitude and basal diameter is 7 cm. Bark is downy and is hard and gristly, within the bark is green in color and outside it is brown in color the wood is medium in density and pale yellow in color. The herb is sustain through lateral and tap root arrangement. The color of ivory or brown and root system is flexible and hard-hitting roots. The plant is typically have a solitary stem rising from the land however usually generate more than a few stems and main twigs small in the shoot and a lot of twigs the whole time. Dis-colorous, grayish-green, alternating leaves are pubertal on below and above the leaf. Leaves are angulated, oval in shape and lobbed as shallow of 1 to 12 cm. They have margins of indent shape.. The shape of the fruit is globose and of 8mm to 10 mm of capsules shape and it is having mericarps of five smooth barbed. The plant grows throughout moisttropic and subtropical regions (Liogier 1994). Habitat: Urena lobata Linn, is a herbaceous, upright and semi-woody. It is coming under shrub growing, tomentose and 60 100 cm or more tallness. The young stem as well as branches are covered with somewhat harsh spreading stellate hairs (tomentum) and bearing simple, alternate variable broadly ovate to round cordate, angled or lobed leaves and sessile or shortly stalked pinkish auxiliary flowers. Leaves: Leaves of the plant are simple, alternate, petiolate and stipulate;blade-very variable. Usually the leaf is broader than long round or ovate, up to 10-15 cm long, cordate at the base angled or shallowly 5-7 lobed, the lobes not extending half way down or occasionally nearly obsolete generally acute or acuminate, serrate, stellately tomentose on both surface. But, paler beneath with five to seven pairs of basal nerves which are prominent on the under surface and below the basement region there is a large gland and occasionally at the base of two lateral also. Flowers: Pink colored flowers of Axillary shape and are of typically lonely and petals of five in number. The size of about 1 cm in board. Flower of the herb is shown in Fig Fig Flower of Urena lobata Petiole:  Variable in length. Stem:  Moderately thick, pubescent in young ones and smooth in mature ones, with long inter nodes. Root:  The root system consists of the taproot and several branching lateral roots are fairly stout and brown in colour. These may attain a diameter of 5-6 mm and length varying from 20-25 cm. Very small wiry cream color rootlets arise from the lateral roots. Small lenticels are also present towards to base and the outer surface of the root. Major chemical constituents The main constituents of Urena lobataLinn, include flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides such as ÃŽ ²-sitosterol, stigmasterol, furocoumarin, imperatorin, mangiferin and quercetin (Keshab2004).It also contains kaempferol, luteolin, hypolatin and gossypetin. Geographical source Caesar Weed belongs to Asia. Herb breeds all through damp sub-tropic and tropical province counting India, Florida, Hawaii, Guam, Louisiana and in American Samoa. Environmentalism Urena lobata willingly assault anxious region, particularly badly cope scarified-pastures and eroded-areas, and it is a plantation of perennial category. This herb is less difficulty in yearly yield. Herb does not grow in wood-canopies. This plant is not struggle healthy in giant meadow and brush-lands. Cultivation Seed propagation is the method of cultivation of Urena lobata. Before sowing the seeds in the prepared land is has soak it in water for 90 min and it will result a high germination rate of 96%.. the seeds are discrete by adhere to fur and clothing. The small seedlings are planted in the on the well-prepared land.. Soil The plant will grow in a different range if soil. Fertility range also differs and the new plant will get fertilizer from parent-materials. It will not cultivate in saturated oil where all the minerals exhausted. It is having the capacity to with held the salt in the soil. Water it is need for its healthy cultivation Growth and management Urena lobata grow very fast and it will reach height of 0.5 to 2 m in tall in the first year itself. After the first season it will dying-back i.e. its second year of its first of growth we can collect the fiber after 7-8 months from the plant. It will yield a fiber of 1800 kg/hectare. These fibers are recognized from seeds only. 300-500 kg/ha seeds are getting from the plants of 7 -8 months of age. Since the plant of hostile type the planting in wild way is not advisable. Benefits and Detriments This herb grows as colonies in the concerned area. This growing nature of the plant help to guard the soil, whereas provides wrap in support of natural world. The gorgeous flowers which will contribute to the aesthetic area which hare colonized. Aramina is the fiber which will obtain from this herb, which looks like jute fiber. Congo-jute is the fiber manufactured in Africa and Brazil from the same plant (Fagundes, 2003). A variety of extract obtained from the roots and leaves from the plant are benefits as herbal-medicine. These extracts are used for varieties of disease like malaria, wounds, toothache, fever, colic and joint-pain. A report shows the raw leaves of Urena lobata hold the phosphorous of 67 mg/100g, ash of 21gm, 0.1 gm of fat, 3.2 g protein, 12.8 gm of carbohydrates, moisture of 81.8 %, Calcium of 558 mg and fiber of 1.8 gm. Leaves of Caesar weed give a semi-purified glycoside which is 86 % as effectual as the aspirin which is used as anti-inflammatory medicine in rats. In Africa the flowers and leaves are used as a famine food. The animal fur and the burs that are collected on clothing are a nuisance. On the other hand, the plant can become a harsh-weed in plantations and pastures and it is slight browsed by the cattle. Uses The traditional uses of the plant were found to be diuretic, febrifuge. and rheumatism. It sever as food for animals as well as humans (Mazumder et al,  2001). It is used for malaria, gonorrhea, wounds and toothache.

A Defining Moment In High School Athletics Essay -- Personal Narrative

A Defining Moment In High School Athletics I was a part of something my senior year that not many High School students will ever experience. It is one of those things that I will tell my grand kids about in years to come. The 2002 Fort Defiance Wrestling Team had a winning season with a perfect record. Our accomplishments as a team and as individuals will be in the records books at Fort Defiance High School, Virginia. Students athletes who play sports in school have dreams for their and themselves. One of these dreams is being exceptional enough to make it to the trophy case. We made it! The hard work, long practices, and discipline within the sport and us paid off. We were the first wrestling at Fort Defiance to have a perfect season. The wrestling started training for the perfect season the first Monday after Labor Day it was the 9th of September 2002. The day was very hot and muggy. The temperature outside was about 95 degrees. We all knew that practice was going to be to very tough. We were going to regret not working out all summer. Since wrestling the team camp had been about two months earlier, and that was the last time we had trained. We knew that we were going to pay a huge price for not listing to our coach and staying in shape. The first couple of weeks were tougher than I imagined. The training went on for the next two months until the season started. Most people looked forward to the end of the school day when it is time t go home. However that was not the case for me during wrestling season. My fun was just starting. Everyday we ran two miles to start with, then a couple of sprints. Then we would go into the wrestling room and stretch do run downs, which is were you do 15 push-ups then 15 sit-ups then 1... ... a wrestler, its not for all people you either love it or u hate there is no in between, the sport is too hard to just do it for fun. Wrestling demands many things from a person and would not be a sport for everybody. There have been many times that I have questioned myself in the sport. It’s not only the physical aspect that is hard it is the mental aspect as well. Situations like not eating when you come home from practice so you can make weight. It’s waking up two hours before school starts so you can run to make weight. It’s believing in yourself when no one else does. It is a deep desire from within to be the best that you can be. My Wrestling experience in high school has shaped my life and made me the person I’m today. Being a wrestler is tough, but I’m thankful I had the experience. The lessons that I learned and the friendships made will carry though life.

Capricious traffic police Essay

A few days ago, while I was returning to Dhaka from Comilla, one of my friends called me in my mobile and wanted to know where I was. Right on that time I was in Kaanchpur Bridge. I told him that I was in Comilla. The thing is that was not untrue in the sense that it took 4 hours to reach Jatrabari, a time more than enough to reach Dhaka from Comilla. I knew this would happen and the confidence stemmed from the constant and horrible national Jatrabari gridlock. Gulistan-Jatrabari 10 kilometre flyover construction has not been completed yet which was supposed to end in December, 2012. This giant construction narrowed the passage for vehicles. Besides, the traffic police are also reckless in their duties and are completely failing to handle this gridlock. They make it even worse by letting the vehicles move disorderly. If it takes 3-4 hours to reach Saidabad from Kaanchpur, what the hell city are we living in? People who face this unbearable congestion in 8-9 pm have to wait until it is 1 am to reach Saidabad. The pick pockets and hijackers do roam right in that time exposing the passengers to vulnerable criminal attack. Moreover, it is hard to find a public transport then. How horrible this scenario is! The trucks with heavy consignments from Chittagong and the busses from south-eastern districts with passengers blend here in this narrow passage. Any bypass road hasn’t been there to ease the gridlock which is supposed to be when a flyover like this happens in a city area. The timeline provided by LGRD ministry to have the flyover finished has exceeded and we keep suffering. How long will it continue?

Fortuitous vs. Fortunate

Fortuitous vs. Fortunate Fortuitous vs. Fortunate Fortuitous vs. Fortunate By Sharon Its easy to mix up fortuitous with fortunate. After all, they both have aspects of luck and chance in their meaning. Fortunate means lucky, derived from the word fortune, which means luck, either good or bad. The Romans thought of fortune as a goddess who could be for you or against you. Fortuitous, on the other hand, derives from the Latin fortuitus meaning, by chance, accidental. So a fortuitous meeting is an accidental meeting, rather than a lucky one. Of course, now the waters have been further muddied. Thats because the common usage of fortuitous implies both chance and luck – in other words, a fortuitous meeting might be one that was accidental, but which worked out well for those who met. Here are some quotations to help you see the words in context: Although the 8-1 ruling hardly surprised legal observers, state officials were scrambling to review it on Tuesday, the busy first day of the legislative session. Some observers said the timing of the ruling was fortuitous for lawmakers - were they not meeting in regular session, they may have had to convene yet another special session to address it. USA Today Although the 8-1 ruling hardly surprised legal observers, state officials were scrambling to review it on Tuesday, the busy first day of the legislative session. Some observers said the timing of the ruling was fortuitous for lawmakers - were they not meeting in regular session, they may have had to convene yet another special session to address it. NY Times Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Exquisite AdjectivesDriver License vs. Driver’s LicenseEpidemic vs. Pandemic vs. Endemic

Mary Queen of Scots Biography essays

Mary Queen of Scot's Biography essays Mary Stuart was born on December 8, 1542 at Linlithgow Palace in West Lothian, Scotland. Mary was the only legitimate daughter of King James V of Scotland and his second wife Mary de Guise. James V learned of his daughters birth while on his deathbed at Falkland Palace, where he laid hopeless after an agonizing defeat by the British at Solway Moss. Many believed that Marys birth on the Immaculate Conception, a feast day of the Virgin Mary, was a good omen; however, her father felt otherwise and said, It come wi a lass, it gang wi a lass. This meant that James Vs dynasty started by a woman, Marjory Bruce, would end with the reign of his daughter. James V died six days after the birth of his daughter. Mary was crowned Queen of Scots at nine months old. Mary was betrothed at a young age to Edward VI of England, the son of Henry VIII. This betrothal was a treaty between the King of England and the Regents of Scotland in hope to end the constant feuding and warring between the two countries. However, Henry VIII still pushed his armies further north into Scotland. Also, Henry VIII encouraged the assassination of Cardinal Beaton, a great Scottish patriot. This angered the Scots, and many began to oppose the betrothal of Mary and Edward. These feelings of ill-will toward the English influenced the Scottish Parliament to annul the proposed marriage. In July 1548, Mary was sent to France, the homeland of her mother, because the Scottish Parliament agreed to the marriage between Mary and the son of Henry II of Francis, Dauphin Francis. Mary set sail from Dumbarton Castle in order to avoid the English patrol ships in the channel. She sailed to France with the children of Scottish nobility, including the Four Maries: Mary Fleming, Mary Seton, Mary Beaton, and Mary Livingstone. These four would remain with Mary throughout her life. They arrived in France in late August 15...

Wild Mushrooms in Winter Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wild Mushrooms in Winter Summary - Assignment Example She goes ahead to explain the recipes as adapted from Arlene indicated that she loved Arlene’s recipes since they are very adaptable. She also indicated that people spend time looking for loved ones they have lost and if lucky end up finding them in other people though in small pieces. The author indicates that she found her grandmother in Arlene and she goes ahead to explain the good qualities that her grandmother possessed that she somehow finds them in Arlene. Moreover, the author indicates that Arlene always shared a tip that seemed obvious in retrospect which turned out to be great advice. She then goes ahead to give a recipe of the wild mushroom Pappardelle pasta as a adapted from Arlene Ward which could prove useful for any other individual out there trying out new recipes for dishes. Thus, sometimes, it is helpful to cook oneself through an emotion that might include sadness or loneliness (Fromm, 2). Often, such cooking brings out the best dish that other people around this individual enjoys more than

Virgin Group Case Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Virgin Group Case Study - Assignment Example Some of the aspects of transformational leadership of Branson include inspirational motivation. For instance, he believes in collective responsibility of teams and motivated employees. Another aspect of the transformational leadership of Branson intellectual stimulation since he challenges the existing assumptions and promotes creative ideas. He invented space travel since he believes that the earth is tiny, unlike space, and he is also committed to developing a submarine that can reach ocean floors. He has idealized influence and acts as a role model for his employees. He instills trust and high ethical behavior in his business since he is committed to environmental conservation and charity work. Branson also makes individualized consideration through listening to all employees and showing support for the teams. He understands the needs of customers and employees and this is mainly why he dressed up in and boots a cowboy hat during the opening of regular flights to Dallas to symboli ze the needs of American customers (Daft 425). If Virgin Group was to go public tomorrow, I would be willing to purchase the stock. Richard Branson would be committed to ensuring profitability and high return on the shareholder's investments. I would be assured of positive returns since his diversification and acquisition strategies would ensure positive returns even during harsh business environment. Branson has high-performance expectations thus would pursue aggressive investment strategies in order to meet the expectations of the shareholders.

Care n Christian Communities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Care n Christian Communities - Essay Example the rope have responsibility over the other, but individuality and the reactive process divides the individuals responsibility over whether to hold onto the rope, or to pursue his passion (Richardson 26). The two people cannot be the same person. This is because they are dressed similarly, but one has a rope tied on his or her waist. They were also coming from different directions. Their difference in thoughts also suggests that they have totally different personalities. One person is wise while the other does not demonstrate wisdom in his words (Richardson 80). In this fable, the person holding the rope empowers the one suspended to make a decision. The man who is suspended by the rope is empowered to make a choice between helping himself and being set free. The suspended person is, therefore, the ultimate decision maker (Richardson 67). One can identify their role by analyzing the situation they encounter. This can be done by judging ones responsibility, and whether the other person is willing to participate in that responsibility. It is equivalent to taking leadership in a situation. I contribute to new possibilities in such situations by offering options or choices that can be made (Richardson 180). One core concept of family systems theory is communication. Family systems use regulatory patterns of interaction and communication in the process of adapting to external and internal changes, and this leads to development of rules and roles governing individuals. In this fable, the two individuals must interact in order to come up with a solution. They both have to make contributions in order to overcome the situation they are facing. One person has to hold on tight while the other has to make a choice of pulling himself up. This core concept provides a compelling view that suggests individual are affected by societal patterns, and they have to contribute to it (Richardson

It Is Good to Be Different Essay Example for Free

It Is Good to Be Different Essay Everyone is different, and each of us has its own personality Owned. But it is nice to be different? Be distinguished from the others. What is to be different? Do you feel alone, living in their different world It is hard to be different. Everyone sees you as an outsider and will not accept in their world. Among them is the fear that something more of them, others see it as something more unworthy and unnecessary. It is hard to be different because its not easily find their soul mates. Difficult to discover someone to like you, someone who will understand. It is sad to be different among the same, because they close with anyone and any attempt to approximate and can leave severe damage in your soul. Because it is difficult to accept that others do not they understand they are not valued, you do not want to even be friends, and constantly must prove to them. To prove that youre just as human as they are! But it is unique to be different. When all have the same opinion you have their own unique views. When all looking in one direction, you turn in a completely different and surprise everyone with current and interesting ways in your different way of thinking. Yeah, youre different, you is difficult, but it makes the center of attention of those looking for someone with different interests, someone who does not need another to do something. Youre individualist who succeeds in life alone, not like someone else. Need to be different. What would happen to the world if there were no diversity? What would happen to mankind if all the same, if everyone liked the same things? I think different people are those who run the big machine of existence. Others are crowds, the masses people who individually do not have anything important is it just because it has others. Such people namitrat his idols, some of which are similar to podarzhavat, no matter whether this would be an actor, singer, politician .. They can not I find myself in this endeavor to impersonate someone, someone who will like the rest. But does it make sense in this, trying to impersonate another may not post when you find yourself in nature and vocation? Is not more sense then your whole existence? Is then you can prove yourself when you actually already exist? Well, is it nice to be different? You are unique, you need the world, then what the hell that must be fought with generally accepted standards? Difficult things make life meaningful. Because when everything is easy, you lose the stimulus-ambition dies. Did not the person seeking to grow inaccessible. Yes, its nice to be different, because everything different is good, it will not duplicate it unique!

Design of 4 Line Private Exchange Box

Design of 4 Line Private Exchange Box INTRODUCTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION Private branch exchange system (PBXs) operates as a connection within private organizations usually a business. Because they incorporate telephones, the general term extension is used to refer to any end point on the branch. The PBX handles calls between these extensions. The primary advantage of PBXs was cost savings on internal phone calls: handling the circuit switching locally reduced charges for local phone services. The private branch exchange (PBX) provides internal station-to-station communications for a well-defined set of users. Three distinct generations of private branch exchanges have appeared. In the first generation (1900-1930), a human operator manually set up calls. Second-generation private branch exchanges (mid-1930s to mid-1970s) used mechanical relays to establish the call path. The third generation of private branch exchanges is the stored-program microprocessor-controlled system. Introduced in the mid-1970s, these systems use computer instructions to perform th e call set-up and tear-down. The third-generation private branch exchange is physically much smaller than electromechanical models, uses less power, and generates less heat.(Brooks, 1999) In this project, the design of a 4 line telephone systems with full signaling and switching functions similar to those of the central office systems was embarked upon. Dial tone, busy tone, and ring tone are provided during call process. Switching employs integrated circuit (IC) matrix switches on four buses. Thus, this system is expandable to 8 lines (4 pairs) if more hardware is added. This system is switching on the Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) dialing signal. 1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The major problems this project intends to deal with are: Cut down cost of internal calls made within a company. Eliminate the need for a central telephone company to help you monitor your internal calls. Eliminate Stress of notification of telephone company each time you need a new extension and thereby reducing cost. Ensure security of your internal calls which otherwise can be tapped by company operating it. Eliminate the need for a manual switchboard and subsequently an operator to connect the calls. Reduce man-hours lost through staff walking about in an office in order to pass information to each other. 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The main aim of this project is to design and implement a 4 line private exchange box that is able to create connection between four different telephone lines internally without having to connect to an external or trunk line. The objectives include: Establishing connections between the telephone sets of any two users. (e.g. mapping a dialed number to a physical phone) Maintaining such connections as long as the users require them. (i.e. channeling voice signals between the users) Creating an easy means of communication in an office without getting to spend money for their internal calls. To switch between telephone users thereby creating connections. To make sure the connection remains in place as long as it last, by keeping its resources. To properly end the connection when a user hangs up. 1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY The ability or concept of providing an easy and less expensive way of communication within a small office or organization without having to pay for your internal calls or having limits to the rate or length of calls within the office. Also it is not necessary to go from office to office when something is needed, information is to be passed; a call to a colleague saves stress of walking about. 1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY The Private Exchange System in this project is limited to a four lines which means that internal calls can be made from only four nodes. As such, it is only suitable for very small organization. 1.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The review of existing and related works to source appropriate information on how to go about the implementation of the project will be carried out. Information shall be gathered from text books, magazines, journals, and World Wide Web to provide answers in relation to the study. Based on the review, the design and implementation of a four line private exchange box system shall be carried out. 1.6 LIMITATIONS OF STUDY There are several factors that could contribute to the group not delving deeper into this project which could have resulted in a more comprehensive work. Constraints are unavoidable in any system, be it a natural system or a computer system. Due to the extensiveness of this project topic, limitations were encountered some of which include: Time constraint. Financial constraints. Inadequate facilities to work with. 1.7 ORGANIZATION OF WORK In chapter one, the research topic is introduced, which is followed by the statement of problem after which the aims and objectives of the study are stated, significance of study, scope of study and research methodology are all identified. The second chapter gives us a view of the related works which have been done and how they are related to our work. The third chapter is about our design methodology and this emphasizes on how the whole private exchange system works and its components. The quality of the system is tested and documented in chapter four. Also in chapter four, an in-depth manual of the system functions and contents is given. A summary of all chapters, a conclusion is outlined in chapter five. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 HISTORY OF PRIVATE EXCHANGE BOX In the field of telecommunications, a telephone exchange or telephone switch is a system of electronic components that connects telephone calls. A central office is the physical building used to house inside plant equipment including telephone switches, which make phone calls work in the sense of making connections and relaying the speech information. Early telephone exchanges are a suitable example of circuit switching; the subscriber would ask the operator to connect to another subscriber, whether on the same exchange or via an inter-exchange link and another operator. In any case, the end result was a physical electrical connection between the two subscribers telephones for the duration of the call. The copper wire used for the connection could not be used to carry other calls at the same time, even if the subscribers were in fact not talking and the line was silent. The first telephone exchange opened in New Haven, Connecticut in 1878. The switchboard was built from carriage bolts, handles from tea pot lids and bustle wire and could handle two simultaneous conversations. Later exchanges consisted of one to several hundred plug boards staffed by telephone operators. Each operator sat in front of a vertical panel containing banks of  ¼-inch tip-ring-sleeve (3-conductor) jacks, each of which was the local termination of a subscribers telephone line. In front of the jack panel lay a horizontal panel containing two rows of patch cords, each pair connected to a cord circuit. When a calling party lifted the receiver, a signal lamp near the jack would light. The operator would plug one of the cords (the answering cord) into the subscribers jack and switch her headset into the circuit to ask, number please? Depending upon the answer, the operator might plug the other cord of the pair (the ringing cord) into the called partys local jack and start the ri nging cycle, or plug into a trunk circuit to start what might be a long distance call handled by subsequent operators in another bank of boards or in another building miles away. 2.1 PBX SYSTEM COMPONENTS PBX is a telephone exchange serving a single organization and having no means for connecting to a public telephone system it serves a user company which wants to have its own communication branch to save some money on internal calls. This is done by having the exchanging or switching of circuits done locally, inside the company. There are some important components which play a major role in the implementation of an effective PBX system. Some of the Component The PBXs internal switching network. Central processor unit (CPU) or computer inside the system, including memory. Logic cards, switching and control cards, power cards and related devices that facilitate PBX operation. Stations or telephone sets, sometimes called lines. Outside Telco trunks that deliver signals to (and carry them from) the PBX. Console or switchboard allows the operator to control incoming calls. Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) consisting of sensors, power switches and batteries. Interconnecting wiring. Cabinets, closets, vaults and other housings. 2.2 PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE (PBX) There are essentially three different types of PBXs that could be deployed within an organization infrastructure. It is necessary to be certain of type in use, so as to be able to identify the essential numbers. There are currently three different PBX classes: Centrex; Direct Inward Dialing (DID)/Direct Outward Dialing (DOD) and Megalink. 2.2.1 CENTREX Centrex is the easiest of the PBX types. This PBX, unlike other types is installed within the telephone companys Central Office (CO) and does not require dialing an extension code (normally 4 numeric characters) after having dialed the 7 to 10 digit number to connect a call to an individual. In a simplistic manner, it could be considered similar to the telephone used at home. It has an area code (NPA), an Exchange (NXX) and a Unique Number, (0000 to 9999) and does not require the dialling of another number after it in order to place a call. These numbers may be entered through a PAD. 2.2.2 Direct Inward Dialing(DID)/ Direct Outward Dialing (DOD) Unlike a Centrex, these types of PBXs is not installed within the telephone companys Central Office. Secondly, if a cut of the telephone wire occurs outside the building, individuals are still able to dial within it to talk to colleagues by simply dialing their extension number (normally a number between 0000 to 9999) lastly; this PBX is controlled via a computer interface at a control console. Since the PBX requires constant power to function, it may be necessary to hook it with generating plant, in the absence of power from electricity company. Direct Inward Dialing (DID) and Direct Outward Dialing (DOD) are simply features of an Automated PBX which require that you dial the companys general telephone number followed by the entry of the individuals extension number when prompted to do so. DIDs allow you direct dialing (seven digits) to locate an individual within an organizations PBX. It is a trunk phone number that must be entered into the PAD program and flagged as a PBX to ensure that the outgoing line(s) get priority. PBXs may be privately owned or telecommunication company owned. If PBX is programmable it is possible to assign specific trunk lines to specific numbers. These trunk line numbers may then be entered on PAD thus providing dial tone protection. 2.2.3 MEGALINKS The major difference between this and a Centrex PBX is that the exiting trunk lines from a building to the telephone company central office are comprised of fibre optic cables and not through twisted pair wiring. Another difference is that unlike a Centrex that is identified by its ten digit telephone number (NPA, NXX, and Unique), Megalinks are identified by a circuit ID number. This number may contain characters and may even resemble a telephone number, however, PAD does not allow for the entry of the circuit switch identifier. The reason is quite simple, fibre optic cabling circuits can handle far more traffic than twisted pair PBXs. 2.3 INTERFACE STANDARDS Interfaces for connecting extensions to a PBX include: POTS (Plain Old Telephone System) the common two-wire interface used in most homes. This is cheap and effective, and allows almost any standard phone to be used as an extension. Proprietary the manufacturer has defined a protocol. One can only connect the manufacturers sets to their PBX, but the benefit is more visible information displayed and/or specific function buttons. DECT a standard for connecting cordless phones. Internet Protocol For example, H.323 and SIP. Interfaces for connecting PBXs to each other include: Proprietary protocols if equipment from several manufacturers is on site, the use of a standard protocol is required. QSIG for connecting PBXs to each other, usually runs over T1 (T-carrier) or E1 (E-carrier) physical circuits. DPNSS for connecting PBXs to trunk lines. Standardised by British Telecom, this usually runs over E1 (E-carrier) physical circuits. Internet Protocol H.323, SIP and IAX protocols are IP based solutions which can handle voice and multimedia (e.g. video) calls. Interfaces for connecting PBXs to trunk lines include: Standard POTS (Plain Old Telephone System) lines the common two-wire interface used in most domestic homes. This is adequate only for smaller systems, and can suffer from not being able to detect incoming calls when trying to make an outbound call. ISDN the most common digital standard for fixed telephony devices. This can be supplied in either Basic (2 circuit capacity) or Primary (24 or 30 circuit capacity) versions. Most medium to large companies would use Primary ISDN circuits carried on T1 or E1 physical connections. RBS (Robbed bit signaling) delivers 24 digital circuits over a four-wire (T1) interface. Internet Protocol H.323, SIP, MGCP, and Inter-Asterisk eXchange protocols operate over IP and are supported by some network providers. Interfaces for collecting data from the PBX: Serial interface historically used to print every call record to a serial printer. Now an application connects via serial cable to this port. Network Port (Listen mode) where an external application connects to the TCP or UDP port. The PBX then starts streaming information down to the application. Network Port (Server mode) The PBX connects to another application or buffer. File The PBX generates a file containing the call records from the PBX. The call records from the PBX are called SMDR, CDR, or CIL.   (Micheal, 1999) 2.4 TELEPHONE Telephone is one of the most amazing devices ever created.   Although most people take it completely for granted, the telephone is one of the most amazing devices ever created. To talk to someone, just pick up the phone and dial a few digits; connection will be established with the person and a two-way conversation can take place. It is an instrument designed for simultaneous transmission and reception of the human voice. It works by converting the sound waves of the human voice to pulses of electrical current, transmitting the current, and then retranslating the current back to sound. The U.S. patent granted to Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 for developing a device to transmit speech sounds over electric wires is often called the most valuable ever issued. Within 20 years, the telephone acquired a form that has remained fundamentally unchanged for more than a century. The advent of the transistor (1947) led to lightweight, compact circuitry . Advances in electronics have allowed th e introduction of a number of smart features such as automatic redialing, caller identification, call waiting, and call forwarding. The figure 2.1 shows the major components that makes up a telephone set. 2.5 HOW TELEPHONE WORKS When a person speaks into a telephone, the sound waves created by his voice enter the mouthpiece. An electric current carries the sound to the telephone of the person he is talking to. A telephone has two main parts: (1) the transmitter and (2) the receiver.The Transmitter of a telephone serves as a sensitive electric ear. It lies behind the mouthpiece of the phone. Like the human ear, the transmitter has 14 eardrum. The eardrum of the telephone is a thin, round metal disk called a diaphragm. When a person talks into the telephone, the sound waves strike the diaphragm and make it vibrate. The diaphragm vibrates at various speeds, depending on the variations in air pressure caused by the varying tones of the speakers voice.   Behind the diaphragm lies a small cup filled with tiny grains of carbon. The diaphragm presses against these carbon grains. Low voltage electric current travels through the grains. This current comes from batteries at the telephone company. The pressure on the carbon grains varies as sound waves make the diaphragm vibrate. A loud sound causes the sound waves to push hard on the diaphragm. In turn, the diaphragm presses the grains tightly together. This action makes it easier for the electric current to travel through, and a large amount of electricity flows through the grains. When the sound is soft, the sound waves push lightly on the diaphragm. In turn, the diaphragm puts only a light pressure on the carbon grains. The grains are pressed together loosely. This makes it harder for the electric current to pass through them, and less current flows through the grains. Thus, the pattern of the sound waves determines the pressure on the diaphragm. This pressure, in turn, regulates the pressure on the carbon grains. The crowded or loose grains cause the electric current to become stronger or weaker. The current copies the pattern of the sound waves and travels over a telephone wire to the receiver of another telephone. The Receiver serves as an electric mouth. Like a human voice, it has vocal cords. The vocal cords of the receiver are a diaphragm. Two magnets located at the edge of the diaphragm cause it to vibrate. One of the magnets is a permanent magnet that constantly holds the diaphragm close to it. The other magnet is an electromagnet. It consists of a piece of iron with a coil of wire wound around it. When an electric current passes through the coil, the iron core becomes magnetized. The diaphragm is pulled toward the iron core and away from the permanent magnet. The pull of the electromagnet varies between strong and weak, depending on the variations in the current. Thus, the electromagnet controls the vibrations of the diaphragm in the receiver.The electric current passing through the electromagnet becomes stronger or weaker according to the loud or soft sounds. This action causes the diaphragm to vibrate according to the speakers speech pattern. As the diaphragm moves in and out, it pulls and pushes the air in front of it. The pressure on the air sets up sound waves that are the same as the ones sent into the transmitter. The sound waves strike the ear of the listener and he hears the words of the speaker. (www.howstuffworks.com) 2.6 THE RINGER Simply speaking this is a device that alerts you to an incoming call. It may be a bell, light, or warbling tone.  Ã‚   The ringing signal is in an AC wave form.   Although the common frequency used can be any frequency between 15 and 68 Hz.   Most of the world uses frequencies   between   20 and 40 Hz.  Ã‚   The voltage at the subscribers end depends upon loop length and number   of   ringers attached to the line; it could be between 40 and 150 Volts. The ringing cadence (the timing of ringing to pause), varies from company to company.   In the United States the cadence is normally 2 seconds of ringing to 4 seconds of pause. An unanswered phone in the United States will keep ringing until the caller hangs up.   But in some countries, the ringing will time out if the call is not answered. The   most   common   ringing   device is   the   gong   ringer; a solenoid   coil   with a clapper that strikes either a single or double bell. A gong ringer is the loudest signaling device that is solely phone-line powered. Modern telephones tend to use warbling ringers, which are usually ICs powered by the rectified ringing signal.   The audio transducer is a small   loudspeaker via a transformer. Ringers are isolated from the DC of the phone line by a capacitor. Gong ringers in the United States use a 0.47 uF capacitor.   Warbling ringers in the United States generally use a 1.0 uF capacitor.   Telephone companies in other   parts   of   the world   use   capacitors   between   0.2   and   2.0   uF.  Ã‚   The  Ã‚   paper capacitors of the past have been replaced almost exclusively with capacitors made of Mylar film.   Their voltage rating is always 50 Volts.   The capacitor and ringer coil, or Zeners in a warbling ringer, constitute a resonant circuit. When phone is hung up (on hook) the ringer is across the line; and it has merely silenced the transducer, not removed the circuit from the line. When the telephone company uses the ringer to test the line, it   sends   a   low-voltage, low frequency   signal   down   the   line (usually   2 Volts at 10 Hz) to test for continuity. The company compares result with the expected signals of the line.   This is how it can tell whether an added equipment is on the line. If your telephone has had its ringer disconnected, the telephone company cannot detect its presen ce on the line. Because there is only a certain amount of current available to   drive ringers, if ringers are added to phone lines indiscriminately, a point will be reached at which either all ringers will cease to ring, some will cease to ring, or some ringers will ring   weakly. A normal ringer is defined as   a   standard gong   ringer   as   supplied   in   a   phone   company   standard   desk telephone; Value given to this ringer   is   Ringer   Equivalence Number   (REN)   1. It can be as high as 3.2, which means that device consumes the equivalent   power   of   3.2 standard ringers, or 0.0, which means it consumes no current when subjected   to   a   ringing   signal.   If   there is a problem with ringing, it could be that the REN is greater than 5, disconnecting ringers until REN is at 5 or below will usually solve the problem. Other countries have various ways of expressing   REN,   and some   systems   will handle no more th an three of   their   standard ringers.   But whatever the system, if an extra equipment was added and the   phones   stop ringing, or the phone answering   machine   wont pick   up   calls,   the solution is disconnect   ringers   until   the problem   is resolved. Warbling ringers tend to draw less current than   gong   ringers, so changing from gong   ringers   to   warbling ringers may help spread the sound better. Frequency response is the second criterion by which a ringer is described. Because a ringer is supposed to respond to AC waveforms,   it will tend to respond to transients (such as switching transients) when the phone is hung up, or when the rotary dial is used on   an extension phone.   This is called bell tap in the United States; in other   countries,   its often called   bell   tinkle.  Ã‚   While European and   Asian phones tend to bell tap, or   tinkle,   United States ringers that bell tap are considered defective. The bell tap   is   designed out of gong ringers and fine   tuned   with   bias springs.  Ã‚   Warbling   ringers   for use in the   United   States   are designed   not   to respond to short transients;   this   is   usually accomplished   by   rectifying the AC and filtering   it   before   it powers the IC,   then not switching on the output stage unless the voltage lasts long enough to charge a second capacitor.(Roberts, 2006) 2.7 HOOK SWITCH This is a lever that is depressed when the handset is resting in its cradle. It is a two-wire to four-wire converter that provides conversion between the four-wire handset and the two-wire local loop. There are two stages, which are off   hook and on hook Off hook: The state of a telephone line that allows dialing and transmission but prohibits incoming calls from being answered. The phone is off-hook when the handset is removed from the base unit of a stationary phone or press Talk on a portable phone. The term stems from the days when the handset was lifted off an actual hook. When the handset was removed, a spring caused contacts to press together, closing the circuit from the telephone to the switchboard. On hook: The condition that exists when a telephone or other user instrument is not in use, i.e., when idle waiting for a call. Note: on-hook originally referred to the storage of an idle telephone reciever, i.e., separate earpiec, on a swithch hook. The weigth of the recieved depresses the sping leaded switch hook thereby disconnecting the idle instrument (except its bell) from the telephone line.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Roberts, 2006) 2.8 THE DIAL There are two types of dials in use around the world. The most common one is called pulse, loop disconnect, or rotary; the oldest form of dialing, its been in use since the 1920s. The other dialing   method,   is called Touch-tone, Dual Tone Multi-Frequency   (DTMF) Pulse dialing   is traditionally accomplished with   a   rotary dial,   which is a speed governed wheel with a cam that opens   and closes a switch in series with the phone and the line.   It works by   actually   disconnecting   or hanging   up   the   telephone   at specific intervals.   The United States standard is one disconnect per  Ã‚   digit,  Ã‚   so if a   1, is dailled, the telephone   is disconnected once. To dial a seven means that it will be   disconnected seven times; and dialling a zero means that it will hang up ten times. Some countries invert the system so 1 causes ten disconnects   and 0,   one disconnect.   Some add a digit so that dialing a 5 would cause six disconnects and 0, eleven disconnects.   There are even some systems in which dialing 0 results in one   disconnect,   and all   other digits are plus one, making a 5 cause six   disconnects and 9, ten disconnects. Although most exchanges are quite happy with rates of 6   to 15   Pulses Per Second (PPS), the phone company accepted   standard is   8   to   10 PPS.   Some modern digital exchanges, free   of   the mechanical   inertia problems of older systems, will accept a   PPS rate as high as 20. Besides   the PPS rate, the dialing pulses have a   make/break ratio,   usually   described as a percentage, but   sometimes   as   a straight   ratio.   The North American standard is 60/40   percent; most of Europe accepts a standard of 63/37 percent.   This is the pulse measured at the telephone, not at the exchange, where   its somewhat   different, having traveled through the phone line   with its   distributed   resistance, capacitance,   and   inductance.  Ã‚   In practice, the   make/break   ratio does not   seem   to   affect   the performance of the dial when attached to a normal loop.   However,each pulse is a switch connect and disconnect across   a complex   impedance, so the switching transient often reaches   300 Volts. Usually, a safe practice is not to have fingers   across   the   line   when dialing. Most pulse dialing phones produced today use a CMOS IC and a keyboard.   Instead of pushing finger round in circles, then removing finger and waiting for the dial to return   before dialing the next digit, the button can be punched as fast as desired.   The IC stores the number and pulses out the number at the correct rate with the correct make/break ratio and the switching is done with a high-voltage switching transistor.   Because the IC has already stored the dialed number in order to pulse it out at the   correct rate,   its a simple matter for telephone designers to   keep   the memory alive   and allow the telephone to   store,   recall,   and redial the Last Number Dialed (LND).   This feature enables easy redial by picking up the handset and pushing just one button. Touch tone is the most modern form of dialing. It is   fast   and less   prone to error than pulse dialing.   Compared to pulse, its major advantage is that its audio band signals can   travel   down phone   lines further than pulse, which can travel only as far   as the   local   exchange. Touch-tone can therefore   send   signals around   the   world via the telephone lines, and can   be   used   to control phone answering machines and computers.   Bell   Labs developed DTMF in order to have a dialing   system that   could travel across microwave links and work   rapidly   with computer   controlled exchanges.   Each transmitted digit consists of two separate audio tones that are mixed together. The four   vertical columns on the keypad are known as   the   high group and the four horizontal rows as the low group; the digit   8 is   composed   of 1336 Hz and 852 Hz.   The level of each   tone   is within   3   dB   of the other.   A complete touch-tone pad has 16 digits, as opposed to ten on a pulse dial.   Besides the numerals 0 to 9, a DTMF   dial has *, #, A, B, C, and D.   Although the letters are not normally found   on consumer telephones, the IC in the phone is capable   of generating them. The   * sign is usually called star or asterisk.  Ã‚   The # sign,   often referred to as the pound sign. is actually   called an   octothorpe. Although many phone users have never used   these digits      they are not, after all, ordinarily   used in   dialing phone   numbers. They   are used   for   control   purposes,   phone answering machines, bringing up remote bases, electronic banking, and repeater control.   The one use of the octothorpe that may be familiar occurs in dialing international calls from phones.   After dialing the complete number,   dialing   the octothorpe   lets the exchange know youve finished   dialing.  Ã‚   It can now begin routing your call; without the octothorpe, it would wait and time out before switching your call. Standard DTMF dials will produce a tone as long as a key   is depressed.  Ã‚   No matter   how long you press,   the   tone   will   be decoded as the appropriate digit.   The shortest duration in which a digit can be sent and decoded is about 100 milliseconds   (ms).   Its pretty   difficult   to dial by hand at   such   a   speed,   but automatic dialers can do it.   A twelve-digit long distance number can be   dialed by an automatic dialer in a little   more   than   a second about as long as it takes a pulse dial to send a   single 0 digit.(Roberts,2006) 2.9 MODULAR CONNECTORS Modular connector is the name given to a family of electrical connectors that were originally used in telephone wiring. Even though they are still used for that purpose they are used for a variety of other things as well. A modular connectors advantage over many other kinds include; small size and ease of plugging and unplugging. Many uses that originally used a bulkier connector have migrated to modular connectors. Probably the most well known applications of modular connectors is for telephone jacks and for ethernet jacks, which are nearly always modular connectors. Figure 2.2 shows types of connectors commonly used. Modular connectors were first used in the registered jack system, so registered Jack specifications describe them precisely. These are the specifications to which all practical modular connectors are built. Modular connectors come in four sizes: 4-, 6-, 8-, and 10-position. A position is a place that can hold a conductor (pin). The positions need not all be used; a connector can have any even number of conductors. Unused positions are usually the outermost positions. The connectors are designed so that a plug can fit into any jack that has at least the number of positions as the plug. Where the jack has more positions than the plug, the outermost positions are unused. However, plugs from different manufacturers may not have this compatibility, and some manufacturers of eight position j