The Social History of the Birth Control Pill

Democratic Government and Monarchy Free Essays

Law based Government and Monarchy The kinds of arrangement of government Democracy and Monarchy are unique in relation to one another. The genuine author of the cutting edge majority rules system was John Locke, who contended with Thomas Hobbes, the person who accepted that one individual ruler or sovereign should run the show. Government has been an issue all through time. We will compose a custom exposition test on Just Government and Monarchy or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now A wide range of governments have been built up, destroyed and supplanted over the time, yet the inquiry is which one is better? In majority rules system they give the individuals more opportunity, and more voice to pick what is best for them, anyway in total force the ruler gets the chance to pick what is useful for the individuals or not. It’s getting hard to choose the kind of government framework is best appropriate for the general public we live in. Government and majority rules system both have focal points, and impediments, undoubtedly; government is never settled without them. Let’s first gander at Monarchy. Government is an arrangement of government managed by lord or sovereign. Individuals follow the seat; individuals from the decision family. The ruler chooses, and gets the chance to pick the best for nation. Something else, there are a few disciplines given to the individuals. The arrangement of government is been set up in numerous spots for the duration of the time in better places. One of the enormous spots is England where this framework is as yet acknowledged even in this postmodern twenty first century. Britain has had great and terrible rulers, sovereigns and both. One of the lords that England had was by the name of Henry the VIII, who comes in the terrible classification of the rulers. Henry the VIII was a decent ruler, anyway his clandestine, rapacious, and untrusting characteristics lead to destruction. He conflicted with the congregation so as to execute one of the 6th spouses â€Å"Anne Boleyn† for not delivering a male beneficiary to his seat. At the point when Henry VIII kicked the bucket his lone child Henry IX succeeded him. At the point when his child kicked the bucket, Henry the VIII’s first little girl Mary, rose the seat. She was raised as a catholic and was purpose to make the whole nation of Catholic, and afterward she earned the title of â€Å"Bloody Mary†. Elizabeth succeeded her, and she was one of the great rulers that England had. Elizabeth was a darling sovereign to England and managed for forty four years. There are a few points of interest and inconveniences of Monarchy. History is observer that government beat majority rules system, anyway the financial specialists call it â€Å"time Preference†. The best bit of leeway of having a government is that there is consistently somebody higher up than the people groups chose Representative like the executive. The ruler has no political inclination so is adjusted and can direct the PM in running the nation. Let’s imagine that lord or sovereign is reasonable for the point that everything in the nation runs easily. At that point government, yet additionally society would have government in that nation. Also, in the event that lord and sovereign administer so cold-bloodedly, at that point the residents would be troubled to live in that nation and there will be progressive war or common war that ruin success of the nation like how this occurred in Nepal from 1996 to 2006. The issue with any inherited outright ruler is the chance of an excessive amount of intensity in the hands of an individual unacceptable for looking after it. History is seen with models. The incredible roman sovereign Augustus was prevailing by any semblance of Caligula and Nero. The warrior ruler Edward I followed by the futile Edward II. The rundown goes on. It was extraordinary if the ruler was a ‘good’ lord or sovereign. Be that as it may, on the off chance that you had a clumsy dictator on your hands it could be awful. Additionally, a bit of leeway is that less individuals in control implies less contending, and it turns out to be anything but difficult to make a move, rather than sitting around idly. Presently let’s start with just framework. The other government framework is Democracy, is a type of government where individuals openly choose their agents to oversee them. In just nations, what lion's share needs is set up. The genuine case of the Democratic government is Rome in early renaissance. Rome had the best law based government as of now. The component of that arrangement of government can be found in United States. The veto framework utilized today by the leader of the United States was likewise utilized in Rome’s equitable framework. As should be obvious from the legislature utilized in the United States today, where all individuals have option to state in the issues of nation, is better for all and far superior to a government. Here are a few preferences and disservices of fair government. The just framework can be set up for changes in government without savagery. In a popularity based framework, authority can be moved starting with one pioneer then onto the next by the purview of residents of the nation decides their decision authority. This makes the decision authority thankful to the resident, and this fills in as their inspiration of opportunity towards resident, which looks after harmony. The most significant bit of leeway of the popular government is that by guaranteeing the pioneer residents increase a feeling of cooperation in the decisions to pick their administration. Residents of the nation don't hesitate to voice their assessments during the time spent picking the dictator, and this offers ascend to a sentiment of patriotism in their psyche. Detriments In an equitable country, individuals have all the option to choose their pioneer, anyway generally individuals don't cast a ballot because of the absence of information the political situation in their nation, and this outcomes settling on individuals wrong decisions. The pioneers rule for a brief timeframe, and this outcomes them to concentrate on winning the political decision instead of working of their kin. Each type of government framework is ensured to have a few disadvantages. There are various perspectives about both political frameworks. Regardless of whether an administration framework is popularity based or government, the two of them fill a similar need that is run its nation. Their similitudes, favorable circumstances, and drawbacks must be assessed cautiously so as to have a decent end. The two governments are impressive on the two sides. At the point when Thomas Hobbes watched out of his window, he saw the whole terrible things that could occur in a law based government and he chose to accept that there ought to be a flat out force. Then again, John Locke saw the general public positively and he accepted that society ought to have a larger number of rights than they do. Two thinkers are so acceptable in their work yet so inverse their convictions assisted with choosing the measures of society. World is coming into another period, and nations with government kind of government are difficult to build up, anyway it’s not difficult to see this framework. It relies upon the general public we are living in and the kind of government will set up which fits inside the general public, and this presumes both Democratic and government arrangement of government are effective. Step by step instructions to refer to Democratic Government and Monarchy, Essay models

Compare and contrast the historical methods

Look into the verifiable techniques Look into the verifiable techniques, interests, and goals of Herodotus and Thucydides. He said you should seriously mull over the kind of writing(narrative, portrayal, authorial investigation, enthusiasm for exactness, and so on.) furthermore, the writers targets recorded as a hard copy the history. Herodotus and Thucydides the first dads of Greek Historiography are viewed as the initial two students of history. Composing many years after Homer, Herodotus arranged his History (1) in light of oral records and legend. A friendly narrator, Herodotus didn't see his composition as epic verse. The History, which investigates hundreds of years of emotional collaboration between the old Greeks and the Persian Empire, coming full circle with the Persian Wars in the early fifth century BC, is an immense arrangement of the history, customs and convictions of the Greeks and â€Å"barbarians†. Herodotus recorded unwavering quality relies upon that of his antecedents, as his authentic record is an arrangement that incorporates their thoughts of history, topography, characteristic history and human studies, in a political and abstract setting. An age after Herodotus, Thucydides, who made progress toward objectivity, expounded on political and military occasions that happened during his lifetime, with a nearby record of the war among Athens and Sparta in late fifth century BC. Thucydides history of The Peloponnesian War (2) is the structure of a clever political and military antiquarian. In a trained and orderly style, his work breaks down issues identified with the wars, with little deviation into different regions. Since fifth century BC, Western custom of recorded composition and request created past shows built up by Herodotus and Thucydides. In the twenty-five centuries that followed, numerous students of history shared Thucydides inclination for contemporary history and neighborhood governmental issues, others drew upon both unique prime examples, and some dismissed the two procedures. While over the span of creating present day objectivity students of history contributed new hypothetical thoughts, they additionally proceeded â€Å"historical request in the soul of particularly Herodotus, that is, the craft of asking maybe guileless (if not objective) inquiries concerning human conduct in time. (3) Similitudes and contrasts among Herodotus and Thucydides accounts have been the subject of much research and paper in great grant breaking down their work on issues of verifiable truth and understanding, historys connection to legend, the interest with starting points, the contrasts among annal and story history. So as to investigate the authentic strategies, premiums, and destinations of Herodotus and Thucydides we should analyze the attributes of their artistic strategy, including the story, portrayal, authorial examination, enthusiasm for precision, and so forth., and their chronicled request the writers goals recorded as a hard copy the history. The setting where history is composed is significant on the grounds that the specific conditions of time and spot, which are reflected in the journalists message become some portion of the message, got and deciphered by the peruser. Thucydides, for instance, was obviously and agonizingly the result of a political emergency and his work can't be removed from his own extreme and at last deplorable encounters. (4) Herodotus and Thucydides creative strategies for passing on the experience of authentic occasions and their understanding have developed with regards to customarily lively old Greek culture. A scope of artistic references to fantasy and fables, to prior epic, to verse and witticism, the unavoidable impact of Homer found in crafted by Herodotus, â€Å"the expansive lines of The History formed like those of a Greek tragedy† (5), are unequivocally applicable as to the antiquarians association with his social and scholarly milieu â€Å"for this History of mine has from the earliest starting point searched out the strengthening to the principle argument†. (6) Scholarly examination of the Peloponnesian War has uncovered conceivable â€Å"intertextual† associations between the thick content of Thucydides and the epic of his forerunners. (7) One significant case of such association is said to happen in organizing some of Thucydides plot-designs, similar to the similitude s between Nikias letter and Agamemnons discourse, in Homer or that between the Athenians campaign to Sicily and Homers Odysseus come back to Ithaca. (8) Another â€Å"intertextual† association has been noted in the comparable selection of words and organizing of the records between Herodotus story of the Persian attack of Greece and Thucydides account of the Sicilian endeavor (9) One specific quality of Thucydides composing style is the unavoidable mixing of discourses inside the body of his work. A popular one is Pericles Funeral Oration, which turned into the model for some later addresses, and was very notable in days of yore. A significant qualification among Herodotus and Thucydides compositions comprises in their diverse evaluation of what history is. Herodotus idea of history, concentrating on the assorted variety of the general human experience, contains a sweeping field of human request that, later, became to be known as Cultural History. Thucydides, who introduced history in setting, concentrating on political and military realities and occasions of his occasions, has been credited with composing the first â€Å"scientific† history. Herodotus and Thucydides utilize various procedures in relating the narrative of history. Herodotus describes a very long time of history inside the riddle of societies while Thucydides utilizes a reductionist and diagnostic technique. Herodotus and Thucydides works, which vary from multiple points of view, likewise share numerous qualities like the size of their exposition, the trickiness as for implications, the commitment to the comprehension of old social orders, their topic managing causes and course of war, their interest with â€Å"origins†, or their vision of human advancement and brutes. In spite of the fact that Herodotus mixed way of social affair data remains as opposed to Thucydides issue situated style, the two of them see coming clean as compulsory to chronicled strategy. When contrasting Herodotus technique and that of Thucydides we notice that Herodotus shows up since The Commencement as an uncertain Homeric spectator, broadly facing the challenge of announcing noise as proof, and sometimes acknowledging the divine beings for causes and results of verifiable occasions. Paradoxically, Thucydides authentic technique depends on exact, obvious proof and mirrors a deliberate comprehension of the human and military governmental issues. He gave the greater part of his grown-up life to the narratives of the Peloponnesian War and looked for all accessible proof, as composed archives and observer answers, to develop his record. As Herodotus says, in first experience with The Histories: â€Å"I, Herodotus of Halicarnassus, am here presenting my history, that time may not draw the shading from what man has brought into being, nor those extraordinary and awesome deeds, showed by the two Greeks and brutes, come up short of their report, and, along with this, the motivation behind why they battled one another.† (10) Thucydides, then again, lets us know: â€Å"Thucydides, an Athenian, composed the historical backdrop of the war between the Peloponnesians and the Athenians, starting right now that it broke out and accepting that it would be an incredible war, and more deserving of connection than any that had gone before it. This conviction was not without its grounds. The arrangements of both the soldiers were in each division in the last condition of flawlessness; and he could see the remainder of the Hellenic race favoring one side in the fight; the individuals who postponed the individuals who deferred doing as such without a moment's delay having it in consideration. To be sure this was the best development yet known ever, of the Hellenes, yet of a huge piece of the brute world I had nearly said of humanity. For however the occasions of remote vestige, and even those that all the more promptly go before the war , couldn't from slip by of time be obviously determined, yet the confirmations which a request conveyed as far back as was practicable leads me to trust , all point to the end that there was nothing on an extraordinary scale , either in war or in other matters.†(11) The distinction between Herodotus presentation and that of Thucydides is as striking as the distinction in their strategy for authentic request. Herodotus technique for request comprised of depending on different people groups declaration, customs and laws to estimate about the genuineness and intentions of the sources whereupon he ordered the records of his History. For instance, Herodotus challenges Homers statement that the breaking of visitor companion untouchable and the kidnapping of Helen were at the foundation of the Trojan clash. Be that as it may, Herodotus doesn't totally dismiss Homers story.He just raises doubt about Homers story by conjuring various variants of that story. In any case, the hypotheses about the first story cast adequate enough uncertainty to demolish its benefits, likewise to the manner by which, all through the Histories, apparently little occasions cause titanic debacles. For instance, Book 2: 112 through 2: 121 confirm how Herodotus accumulated proof to help Homers story of the war at Troy which in content is alluded to under the name of lium. Herodotus lets us know, â€Å"I asked of the clerics, they revealed to me that what had befallen Helen, was this . . .† (12) â€Å"This is the means by which Helen came to Proteus, as indicated by what the clerics say.And I think Homer knew the story; yet in light of the fact that it was not all that reasonable for epic verse as the other, he utilized the last mentioned and deliberately deserted the one here told.† (13) At that point Herodotus continues to clarify his purposes behind permitting the other proof to beat that of Homers account: â€Å"This, is the story the Egyptian ministers told

Long

Long The temperamental working condition in the United States, particularly during the 1990s has made emergency clinics that give long haul care administrations to enhance their items just as administrations offered to catch enthusiastically the ever-evolving long haul care advertise. The University of Rochester Medical Center (2010) considers this to be emerging from the dynamic changing segment and financial weights (Para. 9).Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Long-Term Care Diversification explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The medical clinics need to improve their monetary solidness while as yet guaranteeing colossal serious edge in endeavors to go into new markets. A definite method to do this is to design a scope of long haul care items from which clients can picks. Regarding All about Long Term Care (2010), Diversification of long haul care among clinics has been gotten with pundits (Para. 7). Be that as it may, the boss determinate standards, on whether the emergency clinics should result to specific long haul care administrations arrangement or proceed with the present pattern lie decisively on the limit of the apparent enhancement favorable circumstances and hindrances Advantages Diversification of long haul care administrations has the upsides of hierarchical, network and market upgrades. The people group and its needs differ. Alluding to Medicare (2010) by expanding the drawn out consideration benefits, the wellbeing places guarantee that their dangers are spread along the different potential other options, which accompany various charges (Para. 5). The hazard that is avoided by most associations and the wellbeing places is that of offering certain consideration administrations, which may just end up being requested by the rich just thus screening out the biggest number: primarily contained the center salary workers. The wellbeing community additionally have the wants to get away from unbending rivalry given that vario us long haul care suppliers have opened entryways both in private and open practice. As indicated by Center for Medicare Medicaid Services (2010), taking a gander at the different needs that may emerge sequentially particularly as age propels; the old may be required to be put under different long haul care administrations (Para. 10). For example, take a model Mr. Smith, who happens to be an old man. As his autonomy decreases, he requests to have help with playing out his day by day errands. The principal administration that he may request is arrangement of prepared suppers when he begins encountering inconveniences in making them. As time advances, he perhaps neglecting to take up his prescription and conceivably experience difficulty while strolling around the house alone.Advertising Looking for paper on wellbeing medication? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, as the age advances, Mr. Smith will get himself deso late and the option is to change home. The advancement of these drawn out consideration needs includes diverse consideration administrations, which are sequentially: locally established and network administrations and private home consideration administrations. A long consideration specialist organization with broadened care administrations is bound to be advantageous for Mr. Smith’s situation since all the items can be cooked for under a solitary strategy built up by the office. As a rule, if these administrations are acquired from a solitary association, the administrations are probably going to be somewhat less expensive for Mr. Smith. Inconveniences Health care industry particularly whenever ruled by secretly settled associations is liable to general business elements. Differentiating in this way, given it calls for centralization of various items by a solitary association, has the ability to encourage weakening of the nature of the offered types of assistance. Another is sue with expansion is the need of many nursing care suppliers required by an association since authorizing is accomplished for explicit territories of claim to fame. This issue is especially heightened for private foundations that for the most part are described by low working finances levels. In any event, for huge long haul care suppliers, a disservice of insufficient involvement with all claims to fame of long consideration administrations exists particularly at the top administration level. This is basically because of the explanation that enhancement of administrations requires to be joined by broadening of information and aptitudes levels particularly to the individuals who are responsible for every other person. Reference List All about Long Term Care. (2010). Cost of Long-term Care. Web. Community for Medicare Medicaid Services. (2010). Guidelines and direction. Web.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Long-Term Care Diversification explicitly for you for jus t $16.05 $11/page Learn More Medicare. (2010). Wellbeing and Human Services: Types of Long-Term Care. Web. College of Rochester Medical Center. (2010). Sorts of Long Term Care Facilities. Web.

Essay Tips For the Junior Certificate

Essay Tips For the Junior CertificateWriting a junior cert English essay is not as difficult as it sounds. There are ways in which you can teach yourself how to do it but there are also ways that will help you make your junior certification essays easy and you will get great results.First, choose an essay topic that is related to your future career path in English. You can start by writing about a topic related to a skill or class that you want to study at the graduate level. This will give you a starting point as well as a topic that will enable you to practice and think of better questions.You can find lots of essay sample on the internet. Take a look at some of them and see what they say. Ask for help from people who have already studied the topics in their junior cert English papers. They will guide you through the process and help you do it much easier.You will need to edit these essay samples as well. You need to cut and paste the essay. A lot of people have a tendency to copy and paste the same thing and therefore this is something that you need to do.The paper should be ready before you go to the university for your junior cert English exam. Use a spreadsheet to keep track of everything that you write. You need to leave the extra space blank for the questions that you will be asking.Many people choose to have another assistant take their senior certificate exam before they go for the exam. This will give you enough time to polish up your essay and you can save a lot of money in the process.There are several different ways that you can make your writing more attractive to your reader. For example, try using pictures and give some interesting information. People like to read things that are interesting and in the case of junior cert English essay sample, this is what you need to do.Since writing a junior cert English essay is not as difficult as it sounds, there are a lot of ways in which you can make it much easier for yourself. You just need to learn a few tricks and the rest will take care of itself. This will give you an advantage over other students and will propel you towards your goals.

Electronic Customer Relationship Management - Free Essay Example

ELECTRONIC CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE NO. Introduction and Declaration of Problem 3 Literature Evaluation 4 Research Goals and Speculation 6 Research Style and Resources of Information 10 Proposed Efforts 08 Conclusions 09 Future Research opportunity and effects 10 List of Sources 11 CHAPTER-I INTRODUCTION E-CRM represents the promotion actions, resources and methods offered over the Online (using technological innovation such as web websites, e-mail, data catch, warehousing, and mining) with a particular aim to find, develop and improve long-term client connections to improve their individual potentialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Specific efficiency benefits of e-CRM may be improved market attention, improved customization of connections, improved client support, improved client dedication, expenses benefits in promotion, improved product sales and improved productivity. The objective of e-CRM methods is t o improve client support, maintain useful clients and to aid in offering systematic abilities. Companies that follow e-CRM alternatives anticipate to improve their efficiency and make value. Value can be designed in many ways: by decreasing the price of calling clients ; by shifting some liability to the client (e.g., product settings, purchase monitoring, online client details selection, thereby decreasing control and functional costs); by developing e-CRM programs with back-office heritage methods such as manufacturing, fund and provide stores, work-flow can improve and consequently the efficiency of the company, thereby offering price benefits. CHAPTER-II LITERATURE REVIEW Author: (Leboeuf, 1987) Thus, the five best methods to keep client returning are: be efficient, be efficient, be eye-catching, be sensitive and be empathic. Online and e-business are responsible for e in the e-CRM. It is basically about offerring improved value to clients and to do company throu gh electronic programs. Considerably all company are becoming a aspect of whole company. At present new things are possible which are in need of new technological innovation and abilities. Author: Dyche , (2001) Described that e-CRM is mixture or software, components, program and control dedication. e-CRM can be different types like functional, Analytical. Operational e-CRM is given significance to client contact up aspects, which can have connections with clients through phones or characters or e-mails. Thus client contact up aspects is something web angles e-mails, phone, network marketing, fax etc.. It needs technological innovation to procedure clients data. The primary objective here would be to identification and comprehend clients census design of buying etc to make new businesses providing significance to clients. Analytical CRM is a selection of data and is considered as a ongoing process Author: (Rigby et at, 2002). Rosen.K, (2000) Vital and important key facto r is that e-CRM takes into different types, depending on the objectives of the organizations. It is about organizing in a line company procedure with methods of clients offered returning up of programs. E-CRM is about people, procedure and technological innovation and these are key important to success. Author: Stanton et al. (1994) Traditional meaning of e-CRM according is to consist of mind-set for whole company. Like determining and interpreting the primary objective to everyone in the company and developing a maintainable aggressive benefits. Their research examines how e-CRM increases the conventional meaning of promotion concepts and allowing the organizations to fulfill their inner promotion objectives. CHAPTER-III RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND HYPOTHESIS The research design that I will be using is both qualitative and quantitative . In order to get a excellent quantity of data and quality data I will be using both the methods. In quantitative technique , I will gather the data from formal mathematical data data files and the available records of the organizations . This data will be in numbers type or in visual type . In qualitative technique , I will be performing organized or unstructured spoken marketing communications in the type of discussions with the company workers . I will be performing these discussions with all the organizations to be able to get a excellent quantity of qualitative data. CHAPTER-IV RESEARCH DESIGN and SOURCES of DATA The research design that I will be using is both quantitative and qualitative . to get the best possible outcome so that I can take a excellent outcome. I will be using both the methods. In quantitative technique , I will gather the data from formal mathematical data data files and the available records of the organizations . This data will be in numbers type or in visual type . In qualitative technique , I will be performing organized or unstructured spoken marketing communicatio ns in the type of discussions with the company workers . I will be performing these discussions with all the organizations to be able to get a excellent quantity of qualitative data. SAMPLE AND SAMPLE SIZE Select the respondents in which way thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s show the balance mix of various demographic factors (like, age, Gender, marital status, education level, employment) Sample size 150. Sampling Technique-Random Sampling LISTING OF CHAPTERS CHAPTER NO. TITLE. Chapter-I Introduction Chapter-II Literary works Review Chapter-III Research Goals and Hypothesis Chapter-IV Research Style and Resources of data PROPOSED CONTRIBUTIONS This research efforts to analyze and evaluate results of e-CRM system execution in the Chinese Financial market. The research is separated into two primary segments. The first area is based on a qualitative strategy to figure out e-CRM execution in Chinese financial institutions. The second area uses a quantitative strategy to figure out the connections between e-CRM execution and results from the clients viewpoint. The participation of these studies can be found in the fact that nearly e-CRM carrying out are done in the back-office look, which cannot be straight seen or identified by the clients, so a new develop known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“e-CRM Support attributeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  was presented in these studies to be able to allow the statistic of e-CRM results from the clients viewpoints. From the 13 constructs that have been gathered from the literature, the exploratory aspect analysis was conducted and the results revealed that the results of e-CRM execution from the clients viewpoint can be arranged into three aspects. The first one is the facts aspect, the second one is comfort and the third one is interaction route aspect. Moreover, the T-test was also applied to analyze the variations in e-CRM results from the clients viewpoints between the clients of the financial institutions that applied e-CRM and those that did not. CONCLUSION Due to effective E-CRM , purchase objective can be obtained easily. When we improve the reviews , up-stream actions will run successfully meanwhile down-stream actions will go forward without any blockage . Through this venture research the company will save a large quantity of expenses from purchase and also the connections will be combined through this . Also there will be an enhancement in client service. By this action we will know where we take a position and we can make our company so excellent as formerly ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s very helpfull. FUTURE RESEARCH SCOPE AND IMPLICATIONS The opportunity of this research venture subject is very extensive and strong as e-crm is something that a company has to always deal with .The strategy of this venture is very innovative and will help to comprehend as to how organizations can improve their mistakes and decrease the overall price of the company. As E-CRM performs a very esse ntial aspect in the company so it also impacts the income that is produced by the company. The effects of this venture are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢During the meeting I will check out only 4 organizations which will restrict my research. If it is possible organizations will be more better and hence more information. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Before the research is conducted I have some preconditioned concepts and therefore most likely the research will be impacted by them. LIST OF REFERENCES à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Available company records and mathematical data à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢WWW.ACADEMIA .EDU à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Book :CRM , P.K.Datta , 1ST Version ,July 2009 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Available company records and mathematical data 1

The Best Students Come From Backgrounds With Strict Parents

Dominique Brannon Professor Drosselmeyer UNIV 1000-007 October 13, 2016 Rough Draft Most of the best students come from backgrounds with strict parents who ve always been involved in their lives and stayed on them to do their best in school. Once these students leave high school and enter college they have the right to keep all of their information regarding school away from their parents, whom most of the time are signing the checks that keep them in school. It is, by law a right of students to keep their records private (FERPA). Parents and guardians should have some limited access to dependent’s records to keep students accountable. This accountability is not only expected in the classroom, but outside as well, some extracurricular activities can be harmful to the learning environment and student’s well-being. Britton White’s article â€Å"Student Rights: From In Locos Parentis to Sine Parentibus and Back Again? Understanding the Famiky Educational Rights and Privacy Act in Higher Education,† breaks down the relationship between colle ges and students overtime (White, 321). She integrates not only educational benefits but safety risks. She discusses every factor of in locos parentis and the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (White, 323-332).This not only shows how too much supervision could be unhealthy, but not enough supervision is just as unhealthy. Which is why parents and guardians should be able to be a bit more involved in what goes on with their children.Show MoreRelatedEssay on Parenting in Different Aspects1012 Words   |  5 Pagessociety, school has been looked at to be a form of child day-care. In school is seen as a learning environment and parents want to their child to be exposed to driven instruction to get maximum results of a fine education. In reading I found the Chinese mothers to be superior in their child’s education and performances. Failure is not an option and anything less than their child’s best must be focused upon and perfected. With determination, strictness , and parental involvement, we find that theseRead MoreGraduation Speech : School Is Place Where They Come From Has An Equal Change Of Education889 Words   |  4 Pagesphilosophy is to make sure students no matter where they come from has an equal change of education. They want to make sure parents and students home traditions, language and culture is respected. Teachers shown this type of attitude, by giving students fair chances and not showing favoritism towards other students do to their racial background. This elementary school believed community members, parents, students and educators to unite as one in order to make sure students become great writers andRead MoreThe Effects Of Parenting Styles On Kids1155 Words   |  5 Pagesparenting techniques, one must look at the Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, and Lenient parenting techniques. Over the years parenting styles have changed drastically. In the mid twentieth century, parents weren’t as concerned about their children but as the years progressed on, parents became more aware of what was going on with their children and what their children were up to. According to AHA parenting, there are four types of parenting styles: Authoritarian, Authoritative, PermissiveRead MoreThe Other Wes Moore : Effect Of Drugs And Violence1630 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout history, there have been good people and bad ones, and a major deciding factor in this is background. The chances of being dissatisfactory are often increased if a person has a low income or the person is living in a poor neighborhood and is a person of color. These illegal activities that are commonly found in poorer areas often lead a person down the wrong path in life. These paths are not the path to success, but a path to a jail cell. The Other Wes Moore by Wes Moore demonstrates theRead MoreSchool Schools Vs. Public Schools1311 Words   |  6 PagesParents worry about where they are going to send their kids to school. There is a big debate among parents in choosing where to send their children to school. People want to give their child the best education. The two major style of schooling is public and private schools. Public schools are schools that are set up and run by the government. Private schools are schools that are privately owned and are not controlled by the government. Both schools have positive and negative aspects. There are manyRead MoreDirected By Edward James Olmos Released On March 18.2006 Depicts The Story If The 1968 East La Walkouts1037 Words   |  5 Pageswalkouts. Paula Crisostomo is a student in an East LA high school who is tired of the discrimination Chicano students face in their schools. She is tired of the bathrooms being locked during their break time, as well as students being punished for speaking Spanish during class, and being forced to take a spanking or do janitorial work as punishment. Paula has the opportunity to attend a retreat with a group of Chicano students, in which she joins a group of student activists. Later on, Paula distributesRead MoreControlling One’s Environment1193 Words   |  5 Pagesbasis upon which one gains new experiences. (Piaget, 1950) Learning styles are different from culture to culture or from background to background. What may be acceptable in one area may not be in another. For example, learning in most African Asian societies is very formal and controlled. Students are normally discouraged from voicing their own opinions. Most parents, teachers and other mentors enforce strict discipline during the learning process. However, in other developed countries such as theRead MoreIncreasing Cultural Competence in the Field of Speech-Language Pathology1018 Words   |  4 Pagesobserved was over and now the clinician must speak to the parents; however, they can only speak to one: the father, due to the strict Muslim culture that the family comes from. What should be done since typically the most important person to inform is the mom and speaking to her is not acceptable? (Cara). This is a dilemma that a Missouri State University- Communication Sciences and Disorders, Speech and Language pathology graduate student re cently encountered. One in which she was unprepared forRead MoreA Conducive Learning Environment1403 Words   |  6 Pages An online and/or adult student must have an internal control psych to motivate themselves to continue and excel in the classes and educational career they decided to pursue. In education, there are choices that must be made in order for the adult student to be successful. One important tool necessary for the student to succeed is a conducive learning environment. These environments begin in the student’s mind at a very young age and are developed through parents, teachers, staff, and othersRead MoreWhy Cyberbullying Is on the Rise Essay1384 Words   |  6 PagesYoung girls are sweet , nice, fragile little creatures that come from above. Never categorized as malicious, conniving, secretive or mean but in this paper I will touch upon the truth to this statement. Young girls are mean and in this society anything can go. The American Academy of Pedia trics Council revealed that kid cruelty is happening more than people want to admit, (Stadtmiller, 2010) this is so alarming because these are young kids who dont really know how to express them selfs. Children

Constant Stereotypes that People Place on Former Prisoners...

P for Punishment The rusted metal door scrapped shut, followed by the jingle of keys in the lock. Footsteps of free people echoed throughout the dry air and bounced off the low ceilings, growing fainter as they moved toward the exit of this icy room. Another door slammed shut, screeching loud metallic echoes in my ears and scattering my brain. After a while, the only echoes, to be heard, were the quiet voices of private conversations and the rustle of paper, which melted together in a blissful orchestration. Florescent lights hum and buzz overhead; one blinked every so often as if it were about to die, much like my happiness had long ago. This description captures the true horror of imprisonment. A close examination will reveal†¦show more content†¦The same study discovered that out of another sample of 272,111 prisoners released in 1994, 25.4% were resentenced to prison for a new crime, 46.9% were simply reconvicted and 67.5% were rearrested for a felony or serious misdemeanor within the next 3 years. According to data released by the Bureau of Justice, in 2007, an approximate number of 1,180,500 ex-prisoners on parole were suspected to be at risk for re-incarceration. Contrary to the previous study, ten years later, only 16% actually returned to incarceration by 2009 (Langan and Levin 13-14). That’s still approximately 188,880 people who burn themselves once again and ending up back behind bars. With that in mind, in order to understand their motives now, we must understand where these prisoners came from. Generally speaking, a majority of these citizens have poor education and come from unstable homes. Education is the only way to strive in this day and age. â€Å"Prison education is a means of rehabilitating and re-directing. If you release someone with the same skills with which she came in, she’s going to get involved in the same activities as she did before (Stern and Western).† This researcher evaluated a woman’s prison in s outh Florida only to find that the inmates that had high school diplomas were a mere 19%. These women have no way of continuing, or starting, their education and worse yet they have no motivation to do so. Prison systems should use more of their funds to redirect the inmate’sShow MoreRelatedThe Media s Influence On People Opinions1556 Words   |  7 Pageseleventh, news coverage was main cause a rise in Islamophobia feelings. With terrorist attacks from Middle-Eastern based groups, like ISIS and al-Qaeda, a sense of fear has grown among the American people. A major cause in this rise is the media’s influence on people opinions. The media can get people to feel almost anything they want through pictures, videos, etc. News sources focus on Middle Eastern conflicts, putting Muslim’s in an unfavorable light, and news outlets show pictures of terroristRead More Criminals and Society: The Battle Between Reintegration and Recidivism3262 Words   |  14 Pagesface discrimination in their job searches, in attempts to secure housing for themselves and their families, and to be accepted by their communities. Without the right support structures in place upon their release, these former prisoners may very well fall back into lives of crime. Without a suitable place to stay, these released offenders may become recidivists, falling back into their familiar roles as law breakers, if only to provide the basic necessities for themselves and their families. Read MoreCriminals and Society: The Battle Between Reintegration and Recidivism3286 Words   |  14 Pagesface discrimination in their job searches, in attempts to secure housing for themselves and their families, and to be accepted by their communities. Without the right support structures in place upon their release, these former prisoners may very well fall back into lives of crime. Without a suitable place to stay, these released offenders may become recidivists, falling back into their fam iliar roles as law breakers, if only to provide the basic necessities for themselves and their families. Read MoreThe Black Lives Matter Movement Essay2374 Words   |  10 PagesFacebook post titled â€Å"A Love Note to Black People† and it ends with â€Å"Our Lives Matter, Black Lives Matter† (â€Å"Black Lives Matter†). Thus, a new liberation movement for black people was born. The hashtag #BlackLivesMatter rapidly spread throughout social media, bringing awareness of the struggles of African Americans. The Black Lives Matter movement is a call to action to eradicate the dehumanization of African Americans that exists in American society. With the constant targeting of African Americans by theRead MoreThe Harsh Reality: Crime and Punishment Essay1926 Words   |  8 Pagesfellows that he dreaded meeting, not only his landlady, but anyone at all† (Dostoevsky 1). His voluntary estrangement from society exhibits nihilism, because he values only the individ ual. Intrusive thoughts do not always develop into actions, as most people dismiss them as â€Å"fleeting annoyances†, but when they do, the consequences are sometimes potentially disastrous. Raskolnikov has many intrusive thoughts about murdering the miserable pawnbroker. After a close encounter with his landlady, he thinksRead MoreCritical Analysis of Women Behind Bars Essay4460 Words   |  18 PagesThe Crisis of Women in The U.S Prison System is an overview of issues affecting incarcerated women. The goal of the book Women Behind Bars is to increase the awareness about the growing population of women prisoners. Women Behind Bars presents a number of important issues regarding women prisoners. Incarcerated women’s stories represent a distillation of the larger forces that affect free women like racism, sexism and economic pressure. For these reasons, Silja Talvi explains, â€Å"incarcerated women shouldRead MoreShould Mental Illness Be Taken Into Account in Determining Punishment?3184 Words   |  13 Pagesonly to help alleviate prison overcrowding but also to rescue those inmates who do not belong in the penal system. Most people like to think that human beings possess free will, at least with regard to a wide range of actions. In contrast, however, some believe that certain people lack the aspect of free will. Many great theorists have contended that the reason some people may, indeed, lack free will is not so much due to the determined nature of their choices and behavior, but rather due to theRead More George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 Essay2610 Words   |  11 Pagesthe years in presidential elections, much bribery has been conducted to assure another presidential term. Citizens expect and would take pleasure in a president who would improve the economy so they could live in a place that accommodates there budget. A current event that is taking place of such an issue is with Mr. President Bush. â€Å"In an interview that aired Sunday on CBS, Woodward, a Washington Post editor, said that Saudi Arabias ambassador to the United States, Prince Bandar bin Sultan, hadRead More The Diversity Myth Essay5534 Words   |  23 Pagesbrings and come out stronger and freer than ever. Hillary Clinton feels the same way. In February, 1995, she spoke to the students of her former high school in the Chicago suburb of Park Ridge. She noticed there were many more non-whites among the students than when she was a student, 30 years earlier. We didnt have the wonderful diversity of people that you have here today, said Mrs. Clinton. Im sad we didnt have it, because it would have been a great value, as Im sure you will discoverRead MoreAre the Laws Regarding Mentally Disordered Offenders Adequate?5365 Words   |  22 Pagesstipulates that offenders must be punished, rehabilitated and the public protected from any harm they pose. In some cases it is appropriate that an offender be detained in institutions (Khanom et al, 2009). Although imprisonment is an appropriate place to detain offenders for the protection of the public, MDOs who have diminished capacity warrant a different form of treatment (Bean, 1986). As illustrated in the Bradley Report (2009; 91) community sente nces can ‘provide safe and positive opportunities

Sampling Strategy Uses A Target Larger Sized Group

Sampling strategy uses a targeted smaller sized group to determine the conclusions of the larger population (Cooper Schindler, 2014, p. 338). In this instance, the McMahon Group employed both focus groups and mail surveys as strategies to determine a consensus. Together, the dual strategy produced considerable data for researchers. Flexible and inexpensive, focus groups enable researchers to generate small group ideas and expression responses (Hartman, 2004, p. 408; Cooper Schindler, 2014, p. 133). Additionally, focus groups encourage member discussions and allow researchers to observe real time verbal and nonverbal responses (Hartman, 2004, p. 402; Cooper Schindler, 2014, p. 160). It also presents the ability to stimulate ideas or gain a greater understanding of concerns from respondents (Hartman, 2004, p. 402). The mail surveys targeted the members and their spouses. They are inexpensive, can target specific people (necessary for the member and spouse data collection) and allow respondents the ability to answer the survey at their leisure (Creative Research Systems, 2014). However, mail surveys are prone to response time delays and, as such, are a slower data gathering method (Creative Research Systems, 2014). The focus groups and mail surveys provided invaluable data for this study. From a data coll ection stand point, both methods were cost effective, flexible, and appropriate. Moreover, both create the potential to collect factual (data specificity)Show MoreRelatedWhy Icu Nurses Perform Quality Ets As Spelled By Best Recommended Practice?2268 Words   |  10 Pagesrecommendation for ETS. The null hypothesis is that ICU nurses adheres to ETS best practice recommendation standards when suctioning patients. †¢ How was the sample obtained? The sampling of the observed subjects was obtained through the sampling design of Quota Sampling. According to Polit and Beck (2010), Quota sampling is the method of selection where researchers recognize a variety of potential subjects in given population so they can decide the quantity of participants required from each varietyRead MoreRed Bull Integrated Marketing Campaign Essays2752 Words   |  12 PagesExecutive Summary This report was commissioned to to plan and develop an integrated marketing communications campaign strategy for Redbull energy drinks. The aim of the report was to rebrand Redbull as an alternative to alcohol on a night out and to recommend ways of increasing sales volume for Redbull energy drinks by 50%. The research draws attention to the fact that Redbull energy drinks already are the number one energy drink in the world with 4.6 billion cans sold internationally in 2011Read MoreThe Marketing Plan For The Luxembourg Based Company3529 Words   |  15 Pagesnot easy for many companies and businesses. 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Effect of Delayed Recall on Serial Position Effec

Effect Of Delayed Recall on Serial Position Effects By Paul Thevathayan ABSTRACT: The purpose of this experiment was to test whether a delay before recall would affect the serial position effect. The experiment was done by getting participants to take part in a simple tests; hearing words read out, then after they are read out, recalling them and writing them down. Two of these tests took place, one without a gap before recall, and one with. The results only partly supported previous research, with both tests showing a higher number of people remembering words at the start of the list, but unlike previous research findings, the last words of the list were not remembered†¦show more content†¦Figure 2- A graph showing percentage of people that successfully recalled each word in Test 1. The graph shows a defined spike in the beginning, however the words at the end do not seem much higher than that which is in the middle. DISCUSSION The hypothesis that in Experiment 1, words at the beginning and end of a list would be better remembered while in Experiment 2, words at the beginning would be better remembered, was partially rejected, while still being partially true. The hypothesis that a delay would in fact make a difference was supported. In both tests, words in the first third seemed to be remembered by significantly more of the participants. However despite the predictions, words in the last third of experiment 1 seemed to be not significantly more than words in the middle third. experiment2 did seem to fit with the hypothesis, as the words at the start seemed to be higher than the rest, but there was a absurdity on word 16, â€Å"ocean,† which was recalled 7 out of the 9 times. Apart from this, experiment 2 seemed to support the hypothesis. The results show that although the primacy effect was apparent in the results of both tests, the recency effect was not observed in Test 2(as predicted) and strangely not observable in Test 1 either. The reason for this may be the presence of uncontrolled external stimuli caused between the participants listening time andShow MoreRelatedMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pages(A) in the case of a State in which a quali- 4 fied high-risk pool (as defined under section 5 2744(c)(2) of the Public Health Service Act) 6 was in effect as of July 1, 2009, the Secretary 7 shall require the State make a maintenance of 8 effort payment each year that the high-risk pool 9 is in effect equal to an amount not less than the 10 amount of all sources of funding for high-risk 11 pool coverage made by that State in the year 12 ending July

New Deal Essay Summary Example For Students

New Deal Essay Summary Americas response to the crisis of 1929-1933 was the New Deal by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945), whom the Americans still regard as the most significant politician in their history. Because of Roosevelt, who was elected to the presidency four times since 1932, the United States radically changed. That’s why research paper on the topic about the new deal is quite popular in higher institutions. The economic crisis, which exacerbated all capitalist contradictions, led to the growth of a deep political crisis in the USA. In this situation, in November 1932, the next presidential election took place. Victory went to a representative of the Democratic Party, Franklin Roosevelt, who had the thematic program called â€Å"New Deal†. Despite the contradictions, conflicts and stagnation characteristic of the development of the United States in the XX century, the New Deal allowed American capitalism to gain a second wind. We will write a custom essay on New Deal Summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As part of the new course proclaimed by the president of the Democratic Party, the integration of the labor movement into the American establishment (the established order) has accelerated. The American bourgeoisie, having put forward its leader, showed the ability to maneuver and search for development reserves within the capitalist system, which was saved in just a few days (moreover, within a constitutional, democratic framework). The New Deal was the most radical wave of reforms in US history. New principles of organizing the life of society subsequently became widespread in other countries. The main elements of New Deal are: providing support to the financial and banking system and industrial and commercial enterprises with the help of large loans and subsidies; stimulating private investment with tax breaks; stabilization of falling prices through the devaluation of the dollar and the assumption of increasing inflation trends; forced cartelising of industrial enterprises; state regulation of the level of industrial production; the introduction of sectoral fair competition codes, which determined a unified price policy, fixed the size of production, distributed sales markets, and recommended wages. Roosevelt as a New Deal initiator. A â€Å"new deal† policy in the United States was developed under the leadership of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who won the election in 1932. He frankly declared his mission: I want to avoid a revolution. In reality, he launched a large-scale modernization of Western industrial civilization. Following Jefferson and the traditions of humanism, Roosevelt placed the rights of Americans to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness above the right to freely dispose of property. Alien to the idea of abolishing classes and class differences, Roosevelt believed in the possibility of rallying them around the nation-state with the help of slogans of fighting minority privileges and serving the interests of the majority by the government. The outline of his course had its pros and cons, but his ruling is considered the best in the history of America. Roosevelts new course reforms, carried out in Keynesian spirit, ended the era of the classical liberal economy in the history of the USA. Until F. Roosevelt, the USA was a traditional country of liberalism, where the free market reigned supreme, and the state acted as a â€Å"night watchman† (this phrase is usually used to denote the minimum role of the state in the economy). Roosevelt was able to draw the power of the modern state to the salvation of capitalism. The most radical new deal programs met coolly with business and the US Congress and soon were canceled by the Supreme Court. However, this did not prevent Roosevelt from achieving his success. Roosevelt’s attitude toward monopolies was highly controversial but, as a rule, critical. During the presidential campaign of 1932, Roosevelt unequivocally placed the responsibility for the economic crisis on the monopolies, the title of which was â€Å"economic oligarchy†, which concentrated in its hands more than half of the production capacity of the nation, approved the highest prices that were inaccessible to the majority of people. The result of this was overproduction, stopping of enterprises, unemployment, and poverty.   But in 1932, Roosevelt thought a lot about real anti-monopoly measures, which were designed to save individualism, competition, the right of every American but not just the elite for private property. .u8a10da286550a28856adbdf0b5a6fd51 , .u8a10da286550a28856adbdf0b5a6fd51 .postImageUrl , .u8a10da286550a28856adbdf0b5a6fd51 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8a10da286550a28856adbdf0b5a6fd51 , .u8a10da286550a28856adbdf0b5a6fd51:hover , .u8a10da286550a28856adbdf0b5a6fd51:visited , .u8a10da286550a28856adbdf0b5a6fd51:active { border:0!important; } .u8a10da286550a28856adbdf0b5a6fd51 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8a10da286550a28856adbdf0b5a6fd51 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8a10da286550a28856adbdf0b5a6fd51:active , .u8a10da286550a28856adbdf0b5a6fd51:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8a10da286550a28856adbdf0b5a6fd51 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8a10da286550a28856adbdf0b5a6fd51 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8a10da286550a28856adbdf0b5a6fd51 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8a10da286550a28856adbdf0b5a6fd51 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8a10da286550a28856adbdf0b5a6fd51:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8a10da286550a28856adbdf0b5a6fd51 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8a10da286550a28856adbdf0b5a6fd51 .u8a10da286550a28856adbdf0b5a6fd51-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8a10da286550a28856adbdf0b5a6fd51:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: MUS 144G L1- music notation, texture, medieval- early renaissance musicSuccess or failure of social and economic reforms in the USA. Roosevelt was a great and talented leader that’s why his reforms had a positive reflection in the situation of the USA. The most significant result of the changes was the introduction of the beginnings of social legislation in the country: pensions, benefits for the unemployed, organization of public works, youth policy. According to the law of 1935, entrepreneurs were obliged to recognize trade union organizations and conclude a collective agreement with them. The state also assumed some regulatory functions in economic and financial management. Questions of social failure were solved. Economic measures included the creation of a National Administration for the Recovery of Industry (NIRA). In accordance with the decision of NIRA, the â€Å"Fair Competition Code† was adopted, according to which monopoly prices were established, the conditions of the trade credit, the volume of products were determined, and the sales markets were distributed. The main purpose of the Code was to prohibit selling goods below the established prices. That reform causes some argumentative discussions. And how successful was the program of assistance to farmers! An Agricultural Regulation Administration was established. This organization regulated the prices of agricultural products, set the volume of production, and supported the reduction of farm sown areas. Talking about the agricultural sector, funds were allocated for research and education of farmers, technical assistance and investment were encouraged, electrification of rural areas was carried out, and state loans were granted to farmers. As a result of these measures, the growth of agriculture in the years of the new deal was 5% per year. In conclusion, we’d like to mention that the new course of Roosevelt in the United States is the economic policy that the American President Franklin Roosevelt pursued to overcome the Great Depression. All changes were carried out in order to stabilize the economic situation and return it to normal.

Political Participation and Representation of Women in Indian Politics free essay sample

Women’s participation in mainstream political activity has important implications for the broader arena of governance in any country. Governance relates to a set of rules, institutions, and values that are involved in the management of state and society. Governance institutions and processes include political parties, parliaments, government and their interactions with society. Although governance is a generic term which could mean good government or management, the governance values, types of government, the nature of political processes, the political parties and organizations, which/whose interests are represented and protected, and the extent of power that the masses have to challenge the state or in suggesting alternatives in methods of governance etc. may vary in different political systems. Liberal democracy is founded on reason, law, and freedom of choice but the position of different social groups in the social and political space where power is located is not always equal in practice. This is particularly so in the case of women. The nature of society or state has a decisive impact on the extent and effectiveness of women’s political presence and participation. Notions of democracy, governance and the state are often not gender neutral constructs but result from both historical factors and experiences. The state and its organizational entities reflect the same social forces as other social organizations. It is thus necessary to examine the gender balance in women’s participation in the political process, decision making and policy formulation. The limited nature of female participation and representation in national decision making institutions has important consequences for women and for the legitimacy of the institutions. Where women constitute half the population in a political system which supports equality and where both women and men are legally eligible for political office, women’s participation should be equal to that of men. If this is not the case, it signifies deep flaws within the political system. Representation is not only a means of ensuring individual participation. It is also the responsibility of the representatives to act on behalf of the constituents, including women, who elected them and reflect their ideas and aspirations. Women’s disproportionate absence from the political process would mean that the concerns of half the population cannot be sufficiently attended to or acted ? Rtd Principal, Daulat Ram College for Women, University of Delhi, Delhi University of Delhi BA Programme II Foundation Course 2 Human Rights, Gender Environment pon as it denies their viewpoints sufficient opportunity to be integrated in the political system. While the Indian democratic state is committed to the protection of individual rights within the context of citizenship, a closer look at how it operates for the women reveals that these rights are not accessible in the public and private spheres in their full potential to all the women in India. There are historical, social and cultural factors that have limited women’s capacity and chances to e xercise their freedom to participate in the political processes. The evolution of Indian democracy through the 14 general elections so far has reflected a low representation of women in Parliament, State legislatures, in political parties and other decision-making bodies. The under representation of women in the political sphere is inextricably linked with the low and inferior status of women in society in India especially in the context of the declining sex ratio (Table 1), increasing violence and crimes against women and their marginalized status in employment, education and health sectors. (Human Development in South Asia:2000). The comparative position of gender-related development index (GDI) reveals that among 177 countries, India ranks 113th, indicating its very low gender-equity status as evident from the Table below: Table : Comparative Position of Gender-related Development Index of Selected Countries Adult literacy rate (%age 15 above) 2004 g enrolment ratio for primary, secondary tertiary. Although the gap between male and female literacy rates has been narrowing, there is still very large disparity in this regard. While male literacy rate in India is 75. 3 per cent, female literacy rate is only 53. 7 per cent. It is even worse among Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST). Among, the SC 50 per cent males are literate, while only 24 per cent females can read and write and among ST, 41 per cent males and only 18 per cent females are literate. An average Indian woman has little control over her own fertility and reproductive health. More women are illiterates compared to men and more women drop out of school. There are fewer women in the paid workforce than men. Women’s work is undervalued and unrecognized. Women work longer hours than men and carry the major share of household and community work which is unpaid and invisible. Women and men earn unequal wages. Women are legally discriminated against in land and property rights. Women face violence inside and outside the family throughout their lives. Most women in India have very little say in decisions affecting their own lives. The cumulative effect of all this is that women tend to lack the self-confidence and skills needed to function effectively in the public sphere. (Sen, Kalyani Menon . Shiva Kumar A. K: 2001). The under representation of women and absence of women from positions of power and decision-making reinforces their exploitation and deprivation. It is in this context that women’s greater political representation becomes all the more necessary. Political Participation and Representation of women in India Women in India raised the issue of representation in politics first in 1917. At that time it was basically a demand for universal adult franchise and political participation. By 1930 women had gained the Right to vote, which initially benefited women from elite families. Women’s involvement in struggles for political and civil rights in India were however sought to be linked to nationalist movements in alliance with males against the common foreign enemy. In any case women’s involvement in nationalist struggles changed their lives in that even though they were denied equal opportunities to shape the new state, they gained constitutional and legal rights. But even after the right to vote became a reality for all women, their representation in the parliament, political parties and other decision making bodies remained low even after independence, and after the Indian Constitution came into force in 1950. (Susheela Kaushik:1993:1996,Veena Mazumdar:1993). A few women no doubt attained University of Delhi BA Programme II Foundation Course 4 Human Rights, Gender Environment positions as members of parliament and state legislatures and as leaders of opposition, etc. mostly through family dynasties or through male political patronage. However, the percentage of women in legislatures and decision making positions always remained low. Women do not share the power of decision- making and are not involved in policy making in Indian democracy in proportion to their numerical strength. Thus there is a gap between the formal idea of women’s participation and their meaningful use of power. (Susheela Kaushik:1993). The quest for greater political representation of women is, therefore, still relevant. (Asha Kapur Mehta et al:2001) Women in India have lesser opportunities of public influence or for entering politics. Women also lack opportunities to move within the hierarchies without patronage of male leaders or mentors. The women’s wings of political parties may have given visibility to women in the form of a platform for participation rather than integrating them into central power structures. Women do not have necessary resources to enter and compete in contemporary political arena. Thus improved social indicators in development graphs may not automatically ease women’s access to political power or improve political participation and representation. They do not necessarily translate into collective gains nor sustained political power. Of course the scope for women’s public activism varies across class, caste and region in India. The effectiveness of women’s participation also depends on the local configuration of power and cultural environment apart from problems of poverty, illiteracy, lack of economic resources, negative social and legal environments, family and household pressures, male dominated bureaucracy and politicians that the women face. The case for women’s wider participation and representation Women in India constitute nearly half the population of the country (Table 1), but they are poorly represented in the various governance and decision making bodies. The position depicted through the 14 general elections so far reflects a low representation of women in Parliament, State legislatures, in political parties and other decision-making bodies. Less than 8% of Parliamentary seats, less than 6% Cabinet positions, less than 4% of seats in High Courts and the Supreme Court, have been occupied by women. Less than 3% of the administrators and managers are women. The average percentage of women’s representation in the Parliament, Assemblies and Council of Ministers taken together has been around 10%. UNIFEM:2000). The Indian Constitution guarantees to all women the fundamental right to equality (Article 14) and equal voting rights and political participation to both men and women. As reflected in the Preamble, the Indian Constitution is firmly grounded in the principles of liberty, fraternity, equality and justice and contains a number of provisions for the empowerment of women. Women’s right to equality and nondiscrimination are defined as justiciable fundamental rights (Article 15) and there University of Delhi BA Programme II Foundation Course 5 Human Rights, Gender Environment is enough room for affirmative action programmes for women. Equality of opportunity in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State is a fundamental right (Article 16). The Directive Principles of State Policy stress on the right to an adequate means of livelihood for both men and women equally (Article 39a), equal pay for equal work for both men and women (Article 39d), provision for just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief (Article 39e). Directives for promoting harmony and renouncing practices derogatory to the dignity of women are also provided for in the Indian Constitution. The political rights of women are recognized without any discrimination, or distinction and they have the right to participate in decision making at all levels equally with men. The right to constitutional equality has been supplemented by legal equality by the passage of a number of Acts through which the traditional inequalities in respect of marriage, divorce and property rights are sought to be eliminated. However, in spite of these constitutional and legal provisions, the ground reality is that women have not obtained adequate and proportionate representation in the legislative and other decision-making bodies. There is certainly a need for women’s more effective role in decision-making processes for the democratic and constitutional assurances of equal citizenship and rights in the Indian Constitution to become a reality at the operational level. Citizenship is linked to political participation and representation. Lack of ability and opportunity to participate in the political system implies a lack of full membership in the system. For true equality to become a reality for women, the sharing of power on equal terms with men is essential. But the reality is that women continue to be marginally represented even in areas where the various policies have a direct impact on them. There is still a great gap between constitutional guarantees and the actual representation of women in the political system in India Political Mobilization and Participation Historically many women have been active in the informal political sphere in terms of political mobilization and they have participated in large numbers in political demonstrations and mass agitations as well as in the activities of nationalist and political bodies and organizations. The political mobilization and participation of women has been impressive in the Indian National Movement, in revolutionary Left movements, anti-price rise stirs, on legislation on rape, against the practice of widow immolation, in the anti-liquor movements and movements against deforestation etc. During the National Movement against colonialism women were mobilized actively particularly under Gandhi’s leadership and women’s organizations within the political parties participated actively in the cause against colonialism for instance in the Civil Disobedience Movements and Salt Satyagraha etc. But once freedom was won, the women’s wings were more or less marginalized and assigned areas that primarily dealt with women and children or other ‘welfare’ activities and women’s organizations ended up playing University of Delhi BA Programme II Foundation Course 6 Human Rights, Gender Environment a secondary and supportive role to the male leadership in power. The leaders of such organizations were seldom women with independent political careers unless they were from political families with the backing of male political activists. It is worth noting that the political mobilization of women and their participation in elections has steadily increased since the first General Elections of 1952. (Table 2, 3, 4 5). Between 1952 –1980 for instance, women’s participation increased by 12% against the turnout of men which increased by only 6%. In the general elections of 2004, the all India percentage of women voter turnout was 48%. As regards women voters’ turnout, from 37. 1 per cent in the first general elections in 1952 it increased gradually over the years to 55. 6 by 1999. Notably, the gap between female and male voters was 15. 9 per cent in 1952, but it decreased slowly over successive elections and came down to 8. 4 per cent in 1996 (Table 3). It has remained at 8. 3 per cent in 2004 general elections. (Deshpande: 2004) This percentage increase in the turnout of women in elections has however not ranslated into a larger number of women being represented in the legislative bodies. Competitive elections and democracy has not necessarily led to better political representation of women in Indian politics. The candidates fielded by the various political parties are still predominantly male and women account for only five to ten percent of all candidates across parties and regions. As reflected in Table 6, the percentage of representation of women in the Lok Sabha varies from 4. 4 in 1952 to 8. 1 in 1984, declining to 5. 2 in 1989, rising to 7. 9 in 1998 and 9. 2 in 1999 and again declining to 8. 1 in 2004. In Rajya Sabha, proportion of female members started with 7. 3 per cent in 1952 and rose to 15. 5 per cent in 1991, but again declined to 6 per cent in 1998 and rose to 10. 3 per cent in 2005, again slightly declining to 9. 9 per cent in 2006. (Table 7). On the whole the representation of women in Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) and the State Assemblies remains low. (Tables 8, 9 10). Thus despite the increase in electoral participation of women, their representation in the formal political structures has not changed much. Table 11) Though voting is an important indicator of political participation and mobilization, it is not necessarily indicative of representation. Voting is a tool of political equality and it mobilizes women but voting by itself do es not result in the desired end of equality. Almost all parties vie with each other in appealing to women’s votes at the time of elections but very few women get to contest in the elections. Almost all parties hesitate to field women candidates. Hence the number of women candidates fielded by various political parties has always been very low as compared to their numbers in the population. Table 12) Though a large number of women participate in voting, their low numbers in decision making bodies including those of political parties in India is notable. (Table 14) Among women who manage to rise in the political echelons, in spite of their ability in administration and the art of political articulation, very few women reach the level of cabinet ministers. Mostly they remain deputy ministers or ministers of state. When women reach the few ministerial positions, they are generally assigned University of Delhi BA Programme II Foundation Course Human Rights, Gender Environment portfolios in the social service sectors of Health, Education, Social Welfare, Women and Child Development etc. (Human Development in South Asia:2000) Representation By the 1980s, issues raised by the women’s movements in India led to political parti es realizing the importance of female voters and women’s wings became active. Mainstream political parties became conscious of women as a constituency and this was reflected in their election manifestoes and their considering women as candidates with potential votes. By the ninth Lok Sabha elections in 1989, one could find a conscious focus on women’s issues in the manifestoes of political parties. However, this did not translate into more seats for women in the political bodies and most parties resorted to tokenism and symbolism when it came to representation of women. Women issues were not taken up by parties in a serious manner nor translated into programmes, policies and legislation nor were they mandated specifically to address issues of women. Almost all political parties set up a women’s cell or wing but they worked as ancillary bodies. Very few women were able to capture seats of power. The number of women in the legislatures remained very small. Very few women reached the position of party president or leader of legislative party. (Ranjana Kumari:1994). More recently major political parties have indeed made a conscious effort to induct more women into the various levels of the party organization. The CPM has made an effort to induct more women into its district committees and state level bodies. The membership of women in the party however remains below 10%. But the membership of women in mass organizations as the Kisan Sabha and the CITU has shown an improvement. The CPM changed its stance on gender-based reservation only after 1988. The BJP had the highest percentage of women in decision-making bodies from the Parliamentary Board and the Election Committee down to the ward level. (Rita Manchanda:1998). Traditionally, the Congress Party has fielded the largest number of women candidates and has had the largest number of women members in Parliament though the Congress working Committee has a rather low level of representation of women. In spite of the efforts of political parties to induct more women, the extent of representation of women has not changed much. The number of women candidates in the 1998 parliamentary elections was not even half the number of women in the 1996 elections. In 1998 there were only 274 women candidates as against 599 in the 1996 elections. In the general elections in 1999, the same proportion of women were put up for elections by both the parties favoring the 84th Amendment Bill on the reservation for women in Parliament and the parties which were opposed to it. (Rita Manchanda:1998). The Congress Party led by a woman had only 10% of women among the candidates. The BJP and the CPM had 7% of women among the candidates. Jayati Ghosh:1999). The idea of 33% reservation for women in parliament was actively endorsed by most of the major University of Delhi BA Programme II Foundation Course 8 Human Rights, Gender Environment political parties and this had raised expectation that many more women would be nominated to contest the elections. The election manifestoes and the public pronouncements of parties as well as the print and electronic media highlighted the idea of women’s representation by reservation or by nomination of more women for elections signifying a more conscious political stand on women’s representation. However, these stances did not translate actually into more nomination of women candidates during elections. Many parties ended up allotting some seats to women candidates only as a token and to symbolize their pro women egalitarian policy. (Table 12) In the inner party structures in the decision-making levels and the posts within the party, women are even less represented in most political parties. Women have a very low representation if at all in the actual decision-making bodies and rarely influence the more significant party policies (Table 14). Most often they are relegated to the ‘women’s wing’ of the party where they are required to deal with what are considered to be â€Å"women’s issues’ such as dowry and rape cases and sometimes on more general concerns like price rise which are considered to affect ‘housewives’. Issues like child and family welfare are largely seen as women issues, and falling in a realm which is not political. By and large a masculine view of political priorities is in operation. Most of the women’s wings of political parties have very little power and have hardly any say in the decision making and important policy matters. Political parties assert that it is difficult to get sufficiently qualified women candidates. Other arguments have also been advanced. It has been held that women are not independent voters; a majority of them are illiterate; a majority of them make their choice on the basis of suggestions from male members of their families-husbands or sons; women lack information and political awareness or that women are not politically conscious. On the other hand, in reality women have been active and vocal both in times of peace and crisis. They have been active in movements of peace, women and child welfare, trade unionism, food adulteration, price rise and deforestation and many other issues. Power rather than Representation The real reason for the low political representation of women in the formal political structures and decision making levels, seems to lie in the compulsions of competitive elections and the quest for power by the political parties in a multiparty democracy. Increasingly the compulsions of the political parties due to narrow majorities, precarious coalitions and hung parliaments have made the question of power rather than that of representation the determining factor. Women’s issues and women’s participation and representation are encouraged only within the parameters of power and are constrained by the basic objectives and interest of the parties either to capture power or survival, if in power. While women are mobilized to vote by all the parties, at the stage of distributing tickets University of Delhi BA Programme II Foundation Course 9 Human Rights, Gender Environment for standing for elections, the number of women drops dramatically. At this stage, political parties are driven more by power considerations with an eye on the ‘winnability’ of the candidates from the angle of the prospect of government formation. Women lose out at this stage as the imperative of ‘winnability’ seems to compel political parties to deny tickets to women unless they are sure to win. Women are considered to have less chances of winning, which is not necessarily true. In the 1996 elections, Uttar Pradesh had the largest number of women candidates contesting the elections: 55 for 85 seats. In Rajasthan 17 women contested in 25 constituencies. Orissa had 10 for 21 constituences and in West Bengal, 21 women contested in 42 constituencies. However Kerala with better social indicators including female literacy had only 4 women contesting. A total of 599 women contested the elections. With all this women constituted only 3. 4% of the total number of contestants. In 1998 there were only 274 women candidates out of a total of 4750 candidates contesting the elections. In 1999, out of 284 women who contested, 49 won, the success rate being 17. 3% and for men it was 11. 3 %. Women therefore had a better percentage of winning. In the General Elections of 2004, out of 355 women who contested from the main Political Parties, 44 won, the success rate being 12. 4 % whereas men’s success rate was 9. 8 %. (Table 5). It is interesting to note that though the number of women representatives in Parliament has not been very impressive their success rate in terms of percentage of contestants getting elected had always been igher than that of the male contestants. Women of Power and Women in power in Indian Politics In spite of the low political representation of women in Indian politics, it must be noted that some women leaders have an important place in Indian politics today. Jayalalithaa as leader of AIADMK, Mamata Bannerji as leader of Trinamul Congress and Mayawati as leader of Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) are instances in point. Some of them head impor tant and strong regional political parties which have been in alliance with major national political parties both outside and in national government. Even though the rise of some of these women leaders might be linked to their proximity to male leaders, they now hold a position of leadership within the party in their own right who can influence the decisions of their own party as well as the course of national politics. In addition, the example of Indira Gandhi who rose to be Prime Minister of India, and later of Sonia Gandhi, leader of the Congress Party, both of whom had the dynastic advantage underpinning their leadership and position of power and decision-making in the Congress Party and the government can hardly be ignored. But the positions of authority of these women leaders did not include any specific mandate to address only women issues. In this sense as leaders of political parties, they were as power driven as their male peers. Political leadership by women is not University of Delhi BA Programme II Foundation Course 10 Human Rights, Gender Environment dramatically different from that of men. Women leaders are no better or worse than men. Nor have women leaders been typically anxious to give greater representation to other women within their own organizations or in the political process generally. Representation of women has not necessarily increased greatly under the leadership of women. In fact interestingly the 73rd Constitutional amendment and the policy and implementation of 33% reservation for women in Panchayats received strong support and impetus due to Rajiv Gandhi’s interest and advocacy in the matter. Thus the Indian political system cannot be said to be non-receptive to the emergence and dominance of women leaders even though the political representation of women has not particularly registered a significant increase over the last 14 general elections. While on the one hand most women politicians have found it difficult to rise within male dominated party hierarchies, on the other hand some women have managed to become leaders when they have set up parties of their own. Once they have established themselves as leaders, there has been an unquestioning acceptance of their leadership and decisions by the party rank and file, even if it is largely male. Women in parliament or legislatures do not necessarily confine themselves to women issues only. In the absence of a specific mandate for representing women issues, most of them feel that they represent both men and women of their constituencies. Like men they are drawn into the game of power with all its ruthlessness even though women’s approach to politics may not be identical to that of men. In fact even the women’s wings or organizations of parties are not necessarily marked by kind of feminist perspective or sensitivity. Also, the patriarchal articulations whether by male politicians and leaders or internalized by women candidates in presenting themselves as ‘bahus’ and ‘betis’ relying on traditional patriarchal notions of femininity are not absent in Indian politics. Many times women public figures do adapt to and adopt male priorities predominating in public life in order to be acceptable. Many women internalize the norms and roles of patriarchal political structures and merely replicate them instead of questioning them, resulting in reinforcing existing hierarchies of power. Questions have been raised as to whether an increase in numerical strength of women in the political process and decision making bodies automatically leads to a qualitative shift in power and whether women on balance pay greater attention to the concerns of women more than male politicians. Problems of tokenism, visibility, marginality etc. are often discussed in referring to women as a ‘minority’ operating in a male domain. Women’s rights and responsibilities to participate equally in political life should not however be treated as a ‘minority’ issue. The political space must belong to all citizens – women and men. There is no doubt that fewer the women in public life the lesser the likelihood of distinctively female values, priorities and characteristics finding expression. Hence women’s involvement in political University of Delhi BA Programme II Foundation Course 11 Human Rights, Gender Environment process and decision-making in greater numbers can make a significant difference. Does that mean that only people similar to a group can represent its interests? This may not necessarily be true. In this context it is important to examine what interests women in the public/political sphere are furthering. It could be argued that issues important to women could be reasonably represented as well by male Members of Parliament. But many strongly feel that without a sufficient female presence in the national and other decision making bodies, it seems unlikely that issues which women as a group are more prone to be faced with concerning reproduction or challenging other inequalities within the social and economic sphere would be adequately addressed. While it is considered important to bring women to positions of power, it is equally necessary to sensitize those in power whether men or women about gender. Along with this the importance of women’s economic independence, education and awareness and their improvement in the socio economic sphere can hardly be stressed. The restructuring of gender relations within both the family and society is an equally important step towards freedom, equality and justice. Representation through Reservation Various strategies have been proposed to further the political representation of women in India. From a reservation of 33% seats at various levels including the Parliament, it has also been suggested that political parties reserve 33% of their seats for women in the elections. The Bharatiya Janata Party recently announced such a reservation in its organization. However, it has been questioned whether women constitute an undifferentiated category and whether collective identification and mobilization of women as a ‘disadvantaged’ group in general on the basis of gender is a viable proposition in the politically accepted sense of the term particularly in view of caste and class differences among them. Mere presence of women in Parliament even if greater in numbers will not mean much unless they are truly representative of women’s concerns covering all categories. In the ongoing debate about reservation of seats for women in the Parliament it has been pointed out that an undifferentiated reservation for women will reinforce the existing inequalities in women’s access to positions of power. It is the elite and politicized families from which there is a smooth entry for women in politics. Women playing supportive roles to males in the family and emerging from their shadows have also found easy entry. Another trend has been the entry of widows of prominent political figures into politics and positions of power. On the whole the important factors for women’s active presence in politics in India as trends show are in general: family background, political influence, family financial position, existing involvement in politics, literacy, local conditions, campaign strategy, influence within the party and personality traits etc. rather than only competence, capability and merit. The combined result of all these factors is that very few women manage to get or are given party tickets. If the factors of University of Delhi BA Programme II Foundation Course 12 Human Rights, Gender Environment economic dependence, prohibitive election costs, threats of violence and character assassination are added, even fewer can get seats in the legislature. In any case, it is argued by those in favour of reservation, there is no doubt that democracy and representation will be strengthened with compulsorily more presence of women through reservation. This is evident from the impact of the implementation of 33% reservation of seats for women in the local bodies (panchayats) in India by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment as a result of which the representation of women in the formal structures of governance at the local level has recorded a steady increase. (Table 13). Women’s presence at the decision making levels will not only enhance the status of women but will also strengthen democratic traditions and make democracy more meaningful in fighting injustice and oppression while at the same time help to bring a different, explicitly female perspective to the political arena. Unless women are brought into the decision-making levels directly, important women issues will never be tackled with the seriousness they require. In addition, democracy demands the regard for not only the interests of those who support in elections but also the aspirations of those who expect to be represented. The recognition of the right of every citizen to participate in public decisions is a basic element of democracy, which, to be effective, requires that the needs and interests of all members of the society are respected and represented. Even if others might claim to represent them, there is no guarantee of justice and equity if one half of the population is consistently excluded from taking part fully in decision making as is the case with women in Indian politics and governance. There is therefore need for more inclusive processes of achieving representation. The value of inclusion of women in governance and decision-making institutions lies in the diversity of experiences women will bring to governance whether there are ‘female’ concerns or not. Comprehensive representation would be obtained if women constituting half the population find a proportionate number of seats in government. Conclusion It is important to stress that like the equal right to vote, participation and representation in legislative bodies may not in itself be enough for women’s political empowerment or to remedy the problems of discrimination faced by women in Indian society. Equality with equity is a goal which may not easily be achieved only by high representation of women in legislatures and other public bodies but has to be buttressed by other supportive measures. Even so, the demand for reservation of seats for women in political bodies to rectify the imbalance has gained strength in India in the light of persisting gender gaps in the various spheres of development. In the absence of any serious political selfcorrection so far, the demand for reservation of seats in legislatures and party structures has been stressed in India aiming at such an equitable representation. University of Delhi BA Programme II Foundation Course 13 Human Rights, Gender Environment While the steady increase in the electoral participation and mobilization of women in India has increased the visibility of women in the legislative politics this has not happened in the exercise of executive and judicial power due to their lack of presence in the decision making structures. From this perspective, the important question is what are the benefits of democracy for women.. Electoral participation and quotas through affirmative action alone are not enough to result in gender equity.